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Biology IB YR12-13 > D4.2 Stability and Change > Flashcards

D4.2 Stability and Change Flashcards

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1
Q

stability

A

the ability to maintain or support systems and processes continuously over time

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2
Q

requirement for stability in ecosystems

A

continual supply of energy, nutrient recycling, diversity of organisms and climate

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3
Q

what increases stability and how

A

complex ecosystems
increased number of niches
increases species and genetic diversity

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4
Q

tipping point

A

a critical threshold when even a small change can have dramatic effects and cause a disproportionately large response in the overall system.

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5
Q

equilibrium

A

state of balance among components of a system

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6
Q

changes are caused by

A
  • human population growth
  • resource consumption
  • habitat transformation and fragmentation
  • energy production and consumption
  • climate change
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7
Q

what are most tipping points linked to

A

climate change

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8
Q

what would increase in Co2 lead to

A

increased global mean temperature
melting of ice and permafrost

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9
Q

amazon features

A

rainforest biome spanning over 9 countries
6 million km^2
1/2 of the planets tropical foresrs

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10
Q

why is burning and deforestation happening in the amazon

A

to make space for grazing land or housing, timber, illegal mining

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11
Q

fires are caused by

A

increased frequency of drought conditions

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12
Q

causes of deforestation

A

loss of large areas
prevents reestablishment of rainforests

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13
Q

what is a large area of forest needed for

A

generation of atmospheric water vapour

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14
Q

Percentage change for forest

A

[Change in forest / initial forest] x 100

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15
Q

mesocosm

A

Closed environment that allows a small part of a natural environment to be observed under controlled conditions

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16
Q

disadvantage of mesocosm

A

Studying natural ecosystems can be difficult because there are so many variables that can’t be controlled

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17
Q

advantage of mesocosm

A

able to control variables, except independent and dependent

both aquatic and terrestrial can be used

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18
Q

advantage of natural ecosystem

A

realistic
actual environmental conditions

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19
Q

disadvantage of natural ecosystem

A

Variable conditions

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20
Q

advantages of laboratory ecosystems

A

Able to control variables

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21
Q

disadvantage of laboratory ecosystems

A

Unrealistic and possibility of disputed relevance and applicability to natural ecosystem

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22
Q

eutrophication

A

The natural or artificial enrichment of a body of water, particularly with respect to nitrates and phosphates

natural and human causes

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23
Q

Example of things that cause eutrophication

A

Extra nutrients from fertilizer runoff from surrounding land

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24
Q

steps of eutrophication

A

High levels of nutrition for cave from fertilizer
Rapid growth
Block light to underwater plants that die
bacterial feed on these
Removal of oxygen from water
results in the death of many aquatic organisms

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25
Q

Keystone species

A

A species which has a disproportionate large effect on community structure relative towards abundance

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26
Q

example of keystone species

A

Agouti of South and Central America
Feeds or nuts of Brazilian nut tree
Hardwood species and among the oldest and tallest trees in the Amazon

only animal with teeth, strong enough to open the Brazil nuts, tree seed boards to access nuts

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27
Q

What would happen if Agouti werent there

A

Tree species would eventually die

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28
Q

Sustainability

A

The responsible maintenance of ecological systems so that there is no reduction of conditions for future generations, ensuring the long-term variability of a system

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29
Q

renewable resource

A

Continue to exist despite being consumed

replenish themselves naturally

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30
Q

terrestrial plant species as a renewable resource

A

Trees are renewable, provided they are replanted at the same rate as harvestation

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31
Q

what are trees used for

A

paper, cardboard, furniture, food, medicine, rubber

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32
Q

scots pine

A

1 of the 4 main logged trees

replanting needs to exceed number of trees act down

33
Q

what to forests provide

A

important storage of carbon

34
Q

marine fish

A

important source of food for many human population

35
Q

use of fish

A

most populations are exploited commercially as food sources

harvested from common waters

36
Q

overfishing of cod

A

cod led to a collapse of fish stocks

37
Q

overfishing

A

if fish are persistently overfished, stocks will rapidly deplete till they collapse and can no longer support a commercial fishery

38
Q

sustainable fishing practices

A

methods of catching fish that dont diminish the stock

39
Q

MSY

A

maximum sustainable yield

40
Q

maximum sustainable yield

A

maximum average catch that a stock can sustain over a long period of time

41
Q

growing fish population is indicated by

A

having a larger number of younger fish
can indicate whether fishing methods are sustainable or not

42
Q

physical factors affecting agriculture sustainability

A

precipitation
temperature
spoil
pests
location

43
Q

environment factors affecting agriculture sustainability

A

pollution
habitat loss
reduction in biodiversity and soil erosion

44
Q

soil erosion

A

process that can occur when the impact of water of wind detaches and removes soil particles, causing the soil to deteriorate

45
Q

fertile soil

A

non renewable source
once depleted can take a significant time to restore its fertility
makes land available much lower now

46
Q

leaching

A

the loss of water soluble nutrients from the soil

47
Q

loss of nitrates

A

reduction in protien synthesis and growth in plants

48
Q

agrochemical

A

a chemical used in agriculture such as a pesticide or a fertiliser

added to increase productivity

49
Q

non biodegradable pesticides leads to

A

bio magnification

50
Q

pesticides that are biodegradable are used to

A

minimize environmental damage

51
Q

carbon footprint

A

the amount of Co2 released into the atmosphere because of the activities of a particular individual, organisation or community

52
Q

what has led to an increase in carbon footprint

A

demand for unseasonal foods has increased the global transport of food, which has increased the carbon footprint

53
Q

natural effects

A

nutrients being added from decomposing biomass and run off from idea

54
Q

human causes for eutrophication

A

run off of fertilisers/manure, domestic waste water containing phosphates from detergents, non-treated sewage, leading of mineral nutrients

55
Q

effects of eutrophication

A
  • net primary productivity usually higher compared with unpolluted water and may be indicated by extreme algal or bacterial blooms
  • diversity of primary producers changes and finally decreases
  • length of food chain decreases due to algal
  • algal bloom gives way to cyanobacteria which are toxic to wild animals
56
Q

last effect of eutrophication

A

fish community gets dominated by coarse fish who can survive without oxygen

57
Q

BOD

A

Biochemical oxygen demand

58
Q

Biochemical oxygen demand

A

a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen required to break down the organic material in a given volume of water through aerobic biological activity

59
Q

BOD is affected by

A

number of aerobic organisms
rate of respiration

60
Q

BOD is the difference between

A

the oxygen level of a sample of water initially and after 5 days at 20 degrees c

61
Q

what affects food chains

A

non biodegradable toxins

62
Q

increased concentrations

A

consumers feed on a number of organisms so accumulate toxins

63
Q

cultivated crops

A

artificially selected to be high yielding
limited resistance to local parasites

64
Q

pesticide

A

chemical that is used to control organisms that are a danger to crops or herds

have improved productivity but generated problems in the environment

65
Q

DDT effect

A

causes rapid death even in low concentration
retained in fatty tissue of animals

66
Q

bioaccumulation

A

the build up of non biodegradable or slowly bio degradable chemicals in the body

67
Q

DDT

A

chemical substance becomes more concentrated
not recognised as a toxin and is not excreted

68
Q

biomagnification

A

the process by which chemical substances become concentrated in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels

69
Q

consequences of biomagnification

A
  • accumulation of DDT
70
Q

sparrowhawks

A

2000 clutches of eggs were measured
not nerve poison in birds and mammals - in breeding birds it inhibits the deposition of calcium in egg shell

71
Q

macroplastic

A

relatively large, easily visible plastic debris found especially in the marine environment such as bottles, plastic bags, rubbish and other materials that have not degraded

72
Q

microplastic

A

extremely small pieces of plastic debris less than 5mm in size, resulting from the breakdown of consumer products and industrial waste

73
Q

macroplastics - food

A

can be confused with food by marine predators
bioaccumulate in the food chain
top predator at the risk because of biomagnification effects of some chemicals

74
Q

albatross features

A

ranges across the north pacific
large birds with 2m wingspan
requires great quantities of fish
rest at midway atoll island

75
Q

albatross in terms of plastic pollution

A

lots of plastic is washed up on midway atoll and they eat it
pick up plastic with fish and feed it to their chicks

76
Q

impact on sea turtles

A

kills approx 100,000
mistake it for jelly fish and eat it
gets logged in their mouths
die of starvation

77
Q

rewilding

A

restore ecosystems and reverses decline in biodiversity

reintroduces lost animal species to natural environment
keystone species also reintroduced

78
Q

hinewai reserve

A

was completely cleared
ecological management involves minimal intervention, allowing succession to occur resulting in ecosystems

Biology IB YR12-13 (31 decks)

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