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Biology IB YR12-13 > C2.2 Neural Signalling > Flashcards

C2.2 Neural Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system in vertebrates
brain and spinal chord

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2
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system invertebrates
nerves that sensory information to the CNS and nerves that convey impulses to muscles and glands

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3
Q

nerve

A

nerve bundle of many nerve fibers connecting the CNS with parts of the body

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4
Q

neurone

A

a cell that carries electrical impulses

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5
Q

what are neurones specialised for

A

transmittion of information

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6
Q

dendrite

A

a fine fibrous structure on a neuron that receives impulses from other neurons

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7
Q

impulse

A

momentary reversal in electrical potential different across neurones membranes

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8
Q

motor neuron

A

Carries impulses away from CNS to effector many fine dendrites and a single long axon

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9
Q

long axon role in motor neuron

A

impulses away from body

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10
Q

dendrites role in motor neuron

A

impulses towards body

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11
Q

sensory neurone

A

carrying impulses from a sense organ or receptor to CNS

have a cytoplasmic fibre running to cell body

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12
Q

relay neurones other name

A

interneurones

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13
Q

relay neurones

A

connect sensory and motor neurone

like a thread like extention of a nerve cell

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14
Q

receptor

A

responds to stimulation by production of an action potential

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15
Q

axon

A

Fiber carrying impulses away from the cell body of a neuron

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16
Q

dendron

A

Fiber carrying impulses toward the cell body of neurons

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17
Q

Schwann cell

A

Cells of the PNS that wrap around axons of motor neurons and sensory neurons to form a myelin sheath

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18
Q

myelin sheath

A

I am insulating sheath around axons of nerve fibers formed by Schwann cells

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19
Q

node of ranvier

A

Gap in myelin sheath around a myelinated nerve fiber

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20
Q

resting potential

A

Potential difference across a nerve cell membrane when it is not being stimulated

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21
Q

resting potential mV

A

-70

22
Q

how is an impulse transmitted

A

along nerve fibres, not an electrical current

is a change in positioning of charged ions between inside and outside of membrane of nerve fibres

23
Q

how is resting potential difference re-established

A

after a nerve impulse has been transmitted

24
Q

membrane poliration

A

a lipid membrane that has a positive electrical charge on one side and a negative charge on the other

25
Q

resting potential is a product of

A

action transport of potassium ions in and sodium ions out

26
Q

potassium ions symbol

A

K+

27
Q

sodium ion symbol

A

Na+

28
Q

how many potassiums in

A

2

29
Q

how many sodiums out

A

3

30
Q

what is a result of tissue fluid outside containing many more +ions

A
  • negative charge developed inside
  • polarised
31
Q

membrane potential

A

Difference in charge between inside and out of a neuron which is created due to the unequal distribution of ions on both sides of the same membrane

32
Q

action potential

A

potential difference produced across the plasma membrane of the nerve cell when stimulated reversing the resting potential from -70mV to 40mV

33
Q

how long does the action potential last

A

2 miliseconds before reinstablishment of resting potential

34
Q

role of myelinated fibres

A

faster conduction speed compared to unmyelinated

35
Q

role of unmyelinated fibres

A

with a large diameter transmits action potential much faster than a narrow fibre

36
Q

what does speed of transmission depend on

A

resistance offered by axoplasm

narrower the fibre, greater the resistance and lower the speed of conduction of action potential

37
Q

R^2 method

A

proportion of variance is dependant
variable predicted from independent variable

38
Q

what happens if R^2 is close to 0

A

values y arent close to regression line

39
Q

what happens if R^2 is close to 1

A

values of y are close to regression line

40
Q

synapse

A

connection between the end of a nerve cell and another cell

functionally a tiny gap, the synaptic cleft, transferred by transmitted substances

41
Q

presynaptic neurone

A

neurone upstream of a synapse

42
Q

postsynaptic neurone

A

neurone downstream of a synapse

43
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical released at presynaptic membrane of an axon on arrival of an action potential. which transmits the action potential across the synapse

44
Q

what are neurotransmitter

A
  • small molecules that diffuse quickly
  • produced in golgi apparatus
  • ensures signal can only pass in one direction
45
Q

acetylcholine (Ach)

A

a neutransmitter that functions in both the central and peripheral nervous systems

46
Q

neuromuscular junctions

A

specialised synapse between a motor neurone and muscular fibre

47
Q

step 1 of synapse transmission

A

Action potential at synapse leads to change in polarity of number and open calcium ion channels

flows in

48
Q

step 2 of synapse transmission

A

Calcium ions cause vesicles of transmitter substance to fuse with membrane

transmitter to synaptic cleft

calcium acts as a signal in chemical inside a neuron

49
Q

step 3 of synapse transmission

A

Transmitter substance diffuses across cleft and binds with receptor protein receptor sites actors channels to allow specific ions to pass

50
Q

step 4 of synapse transmission

A

Transmitter substance inactivated by enzyme action

Causes channels to close and reestablishes resting potential

51
Q

step 5 of synapse transmission

A

Inactivated products reenter presynaptic knob
- turned to neurotransmitter substance
- packed for reuse

Biology IB YR12-13 (31 decks)

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