C3.1 Integration of Body Systems Flashcards
System integration
ability of interacting parts of a biological system to perform together and maintain a functioning organism or other biological system
Emergent property
A property gained by a complex system when the individual parts work together
cells tissues organs and organ systems in terms of emergent property
Have their own properties
hierarchy of sub systems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism
Cells in the hierarchy
Basic unit of life
each macromolecule determines structure and function of cells
genes + amino acid = proteins which is the ultimate function of life
Tissue level in the hierarchy
Cells to tissues
epithelial that forms linings
connective
blood
nervous system
muscle
Organs in the hierarchy
Tissues combine to form organs that have specialized functions
properties depend on properties that emerged as a result of interactions between tissues and other levels of organization
Organ systems in the hierarchy
Organs to organ systems
controlled at the molecular level
Organisms in the hierarchy
Organs to organisms
whole body can’t function without closely control system integration at every level
example of a cheetah in integration and hierarchy
- DNA blueprint for boy shape - cellular level
- loose hips and flexible spine at tissue level
- enlarged heart for more glucose - organ
- breathing system rapid delivery of oxygen - organ system
- built perfectly for chasing prey - organism
what is integration of organs controlled by
hormonal and nervous signaling
transport of materials and energy
endocrine system
Network of glands that produce hormones
they are released directly to the blood where they travel to target tissues and organs throughout the body
hormone
Chemical messengers that is produced and secreted from the cells of the endocrine glands
endocrine glands
Hormone producing glands that release secretions directly into the blood plasma
hormones function and mode of transport
transported in the bloodstream but act only at specific sites called target organs
small quantities but very effective
changes to specific metabolic reactions of target organs
where are hormones broken down
liver and excreted in kidneys
glands that release hormones
pituitary gland
pineal gland
hypothalamus
thyroid
thymus
adrenal
ovaries
pancreas
testies
nervous system features
Electrical impulses
neurons or nerves
very rapid short duration
muscles or glands
very short a very long distances reflexes example blinking
endocrine system features
Chemical messages
bloodstream
glands
can be slow
long-duration
target cells at specific tissues
over long distances
growth, development of reproductive system
How are materials absorbed from blood into body cells
assimilation
assimilation
Uptake of nutrients into cells and the utilization of this material to provide energy and to synthesize new biological molecules
Where do products of carbohydrates go in assimilation
epithelial cells in intestine blood via facilitated diffusion
Where do sugars go in assimilation
dissolve and are transported in plasma
Where do amino acids go in assimilation
actively transported into epithelial cells via protein pumps
dissolve in plasma
Where do short chain fatty acids go in assimilation
absorbed by simple diffusion to epithelial cells
diffuse to capillaries - bloodstream
Where do long fatty acids go in assimilation
combined with glycerol - triglycerides
Are hydrophobic so can’t travel in blood plasma
coated with proteins in the SER
enter lymph system and go to heart via blood
how do waste product travel
via blood plasma
urea produced by breakdown of amino acids in liver
toxic substance filtered from blood in kidney
hepatic portal viens
Products of digestion to liver
glucose to glycogen
remaining glucose turns into glycogen in muscle cells
brain cells are dependent on glucose from blood
oxygen combines with haemoglobin is transported to cells
what does the CNS comprise of
brain and spinal chord
what does the PNS comprise of
Neurons carrying impulses from sense organs to CNS and from muscles and glands
2 types of nervous systems
sympathetic and parasympathetic
How does the brain control body functions
Receiving impulses from sensory
receptors integrating in correlating incoming information
sending impulses to effector organs
storing information and building a memory bank
initiating impulses
role of supradriasmatic nucleus
learning and memory
link between circadian rythms and diminished memory
can weaken PTSD memories
what does a spinal chord to
carries nerve impulses between brain and the rest of the body
controls reflexes without brain
reflex
Unconscious responses to stimuli that protect the body from harm
concious processes
Deliberate and voluntary
autonomic functions
Involuntary and not under direct control
eg. sweating
3 types of neurones
sensory
motor
relay
cerebral hemisphere
Bulk of the human brain formed during development by the outgrowth of part of the forebrain
Consisting of densely packed neurons and myelinated nerve fibers
what does cerebral hemisphere do
Many of body voluntary activities are coordinated
integrating centre of memory, learning, emotions etc
motor neurons
Transmit electrical impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands
Pathways lead to muscles contracting
nerves
many axons of neurons collected into bundles
endoneurium
tissue around each fibre
perineurium
smooth connective tissue around each bundle of fibre
epineurium
Fibrous tissue around the number of bundles and nerve fibres
neurone
Single specialized cells
reflex arc
single relay neuron in the gray matter of the spinal cord
free sensory nerve ending in sensory neuron as pain receptor
why are complex patterns of behavior common
Impulses that originate in a reflex also travel to brain
impulses may originate in brain and conducted to effector organs
nervous system has roles in
Quick and precise communication between sense organs that detects stimuli and muscles or glands that cause changes
Complex behavior patterns
role of cerebellum
Posture and movement
Muscle tone
Precise voluntary manipulations a coordinated
Movements of body including skeletal muscle contraction and balance
circadian rhytms
Physical mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24 hour cycle
what is circadian rhytm controled by
Biological clock within the brain
Coordinated with cycle of light and dark
melatonin
hormone produced by the pineal gland in respond to darkness
melatonin role
Coordinates the timing of circadian rhythms and sleep
what happens in dark
More melatonin is produced and sleepiness returns
SAD
Winter depression affects the mental state of people
jet lag
When normal patterns of light unchanged abruptly it may take several days before sleep patterns return to normal
epinephrine
hormone secreted by adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter secreted by nerve endings of sympathetic nervous system
effect of epinephrine
Increase of heart rate and breakdown of glycogen to glucose in muscle and liver
Peacemaker of heart to increase
Increased oxygen and glucose to tissues of the body
Increase production of ATP for activity
where is epinephrine produced
adrenal glands
when is epinephrine produced
when body is under stress
fight or flight situation
where is epinephrine carried
In blood throughout the body
what hormone is epinephrine
peptide
hypothalamus
Structure of the base of the brain
a control center for autonomic nervous system and source of hormones for pituitary gland
what does hypothalamus connect
endocrine and nervous system
acheived by constant monitoring of blood composition as it circulates
what does hypothalamus do
regulate many body activities concerned with homeostasis
secretes hormones involved with reabsorption of water from kidneys
regulates function of pineal gland in relation to circadian rhythms
pituitary gland
master endocrine gland, attached to underside of brain
what does hypothalamus control
Endocrine activity by releasing hormones from Neuro secretory cells into portal vein and nerve impulses
hormones secreted by pituitary gland control
Growth
developmental changes reproduction
homeostasis
medulla
Structure at base of the brain connects the brain to spinal cord
sympathetic nervous system
Part of involuntary nervous system
Antagonist in affect to parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
Part of the voluntary nervous system
baroreceptors
sensory receptor responding to stretch in walls of blood vessels to monitor blood pressure
chemoreceptors
monitor blood pH and concentrations of oxygen and Co2 in blood
how is the nervous control of heart by reflex action
receives impulses from medulla
sympathetic nerve speeds up heart
branch of vagus nerve slows down heart
vagus nerve role
When blood pressure is high in the arteries the heart rate is lower by impulses from cardiovascular center
what happens if blood pressure is low or CO2 high
will increase rate of sinoatrial node firing
what happens if there’s high blood pressure or low Carbon dioxide
Rate of sinoatrial node firing is reduced and parasympathetic activation
respiratory center
Region of the medulla of the brain concerned with the involuntary control of breathing
what does the inspiration Center do
Sends impulses to increase rate and depth of breathing
what does the expiratory Center do
Sends impulses to inhibited inspiratory center and stimulate expiration
autonomic nervous system
Involuntary nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Network of sensory neurons motor neurons and interneurons embedded in the wall of the gastrointestinal system
why is the PNS special
Controls the activities and structures in the body that are mostly involuntary
peristalsis
Waves of muscular contractions passing down the gut wall
