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Biology IB YR12-13 > C3.1 Integration of Body Systems > Flashcards

C3.1 Integration of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

System integration

A

ability of interacting parts of a biological system to perform together and maintain a functioning organism or other biological system

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2
Q

Emergent property

A

A property gained by a complex system when the individual parts work together

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3
Q

cells tissues organs and organ systems in terms of emergent property

A

Have their own properties

hierarchy of sub systems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism

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4
Q

Cells in the hierarchy

A

Basic unit of life

each macromolecule determines structure and function of cells

genes + amino acid = proteins which is the ultimate function of life

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5
Q

Tissue level in the hierarchy

A

Cells to tissues
epithelial that forms linings
connective
blood
nervous system
muscle

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6
Q

Organs in the hierarchy

A

Tissues combine to form organs that have specialized functions

properties depend on properties that emerged as a result of interactions between tissues and other levels of organization

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7
Q

Organ systems in the hierarchy

A

Organs to organ systems

controlled at the molecular level

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8
Q

Organisms in the hierarchy

A

Organs to organisms

whole body can’t function without closely control system integration at every level

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9
Q

example of a cheetah in integration and hierarchy

A
  • DNA blueprint for boy shape - cellular level
  • loose hips and flexible spine at tissue level
  • enlarged heart for more glucose - organ
  • breathing system rapid delivery of oxygen - organ system
  • built perfectly for chasing prey - organism
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10
Q

what is integration of organs controlled by

A

hormonal and nervous signaling

transport of materials and energy

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11
Q

endocrine system

A

Network of glands that produce hormones
they are released directly to the blood where they travel to target tissues and organs throughout the body

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12
Q

hormone

A

Chemical messengers that is produced and secreted from the cells of the endocrine glands

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13
Q

endocrine glands

A

Hormone producing glands that release secretions directly into the blood plasma

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14
Q

hormones function and mode of transport

A

transported in the bloodstream but act only at specific sites called target organs

small quantities but very effective

changes to specific metabolic reactions of target organs

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15
Q

where are hormones broken down

A

liver and excreted in kidneys

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16
Q

glands that release hormones

A

pituitary gland
pineal gland
hypothalamus
thyroid
thymus
adrenal
ovaries
pancreas
testies

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17
Q

nervous system features

A

Electrical impulses
neurons or nerves
very rapid short duration
muscles or glands
very short a very long distances reflexes example blinking

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18
Q

endocrine system features

A

Chemical messages
bloodstream
glands
can be slow
long-duration
target cells at specific tissues
over long distances
growth, development of reproductive system

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19
Q

How are materials absorbed from blood into body cells

A

assimilation

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20
Q

assimilation

A

Uptake of nutrients into cells and the utilization of this material to provide energy and to synthesize new biological molecules

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21
Q

Where do products of carbohydrates go in assimilation

A

epithelial cells in intestine blood via facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

Where do sugars go in assimilation

A

dissolve and are transported in plasma

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23
Q

Where do amino acids go in assimilation

A

actively transported into epithelial cells via protein pumps

dissolve in plasma

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24
Q

Where do short chain fatty acids go in assimilation

A

absorbed by simple diffusion to epithelial cells

diffuse to capillaries - bloodstream

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25
Q

Where do long fatty acids go in assimilation

A

combined with glycerol - triglycerides
Are hydrophobic so can’t travel in blood plasma
coated with proteins in the SER
enter lymph system and go to heart via blood

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26
Q

how do waste product travel

A

via blood plasma
urea produced by breakdown of amino acids in liver
toxic substance filtered from blood in kidney

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27
Q

hepatic portal viens

A

Products of digestion to liver
glucose to glycogen
remaining glucose turns into glycogen in muscle cells
brain cells are dependent on glucose from blood
oxygen combines with haemoglobin is transported to cells

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28
Q

what does the CNS comprise of

A

brain and spinal chord

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29
Q

what does the PNS comprise of

A

Neurons carrying impulses from sense organs to CNS and from muscles and glands

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30
Q

2 types of nervous systems

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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31
Q

How does the brain control body functions

A

Receiving impulses from sensory
receptors integrating in correlating incoming information
sending impulses to effector organs
storing information and building a memory bank
initiating impulses

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32
Q

role of supradriasmatic nucleus

A

learning and memory
link between circadian rythms and diminished memory

can weaken PTSD memories

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33
Q

what does a spinal chord to

A

carries nerve impulses between brain and the rest of the body

controls reflexes without brain

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34
Q

reflex

A

Unconscious responses to stimuli that protect the body from harm

35
Q

concious processes

A

Deliberate and voluntary

36
Q

autonomic functions

A

Involuntary and not under direct control

eg. sweating

37
Q

3 types of neurones

A

sensory
motor
relay

38
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

Bulk of the human brain formed during development by the outgrowth of part of the forebrain

Consisting of densely packed neurons and myelinated nerve fibers

39
Q

what does cerebral hemisphere do

A

Many of body voluntary activities are coordinated

integrating centre of memory, learning, emotions etc

40
Q

motor neurons

A

Transmit electrical impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

Pathways lead to muscles contracting

41
Q

nerves

A

many axons of neurons collected into bundles

42
Q

endoneurium

A

tissue around each fibre

43
Q

perineurium

A

smooth connective tissue around each bundle of fibre

44
Q

epineurium

A

Fibrous tissue around the number of bundles and nerve fibres

45
Q

neurone

A

Single specialized cells

46
Q

reflex arc

A

single relay neuron in the gray matter of the spinal cord

free sensory nerve ending in sensory neuron as pain receptor

47
Q

why are complex patterns of behavior common

A

Impulses that originate in a reflex also travel to brain

impulses may originate in brain and conducted to effector organs

48
Q

nervous system has roles in

A

Quick and precise communication between sense organs that detects stimuli and muscles or glands that cause changes

Complex behavior patterns

49
Q

role of cerebellum

A

Posture and movement
Muscle tone
Precise voluntary manipulations a coordinated
Movements of body including skeletal muscle contraction and balance

50
Q

circadian rhytms

A

Physical mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24 hour cycle

51
Q

what is circadian rhytm controled by

A

Biological clock within the brain
Coordinated with cycle of light and dark

52
Q

melatonin

A

hormone produced by the pineal gland in respond to darkness

53
Q

melatonin role

A

Coordinates the timing of circadian rhythms and sleep

54
Q

what happens in dark

A

More melatonin is produced and sleepiness returns

55
Q

SAD

A

Winter depression affects the mental state of people

56
Q

jet lag

A

When normal patterns of light unchanged abruptly it may take several days before sleep patterns return to normal

57
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone secreted by adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter secreted by nerve endings of sympathetic nervous system

58
Q

effect of epinephrine

A

Increase of heart rate and breakdown of glycogen to glucose in muscle and liver
Peacemaker of heart to increase
Increased oxygen and glucose to tissues of the body
Increase production of ATP for activity

59
Q

where is epinephrine produced

A

adrenal glands

60
Q

when is epinephrine produced

A

when body is under stress
fight or flight situation

61
Q

where is epinephrine carried

A

In blood throughout the body

62
Q

what hormone is epinephrine

A

peptide

63
Q

hypothalamus

A

Structure of the base of the brain

a control center for autonomic nervous system and source of hormones for pituitary gland

64
Q

what does hypothalamus connect

A

endocrine and nervous system
acheived by constant monitoring of blood composition as it circulates

65
Q

what does hypothalamus do

A

regulate many body activities concerned with homeostasis

secretes hormones involved with reabsorption of water from kidneys

regulates function of pineal gland in relation to circadian rhythms

66
Q

pituitary gland

A

master endocrine gland, attached to underside of brain

67
Q

what does hypothalamus control

A

Endocrine activity by releasing hormones from Neuro secretory cells into portal vein and nerve impulses

68
Q

hormones secreted by pituitary gland control

A

Growth
developmental changes reproduction
homeostasis

69
Q

medulla

A

Structure at base of the brain connects the brain to spinal cord

70
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

Part of involuntary nervous system
Antagonist in affect to parasympathetic nervous system

71
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the voluntary nervous system

72
Q

baroreceptors

A

sensory receptor responding to stretch in walls of blood vessels to monitor blood pressure

73
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitor blood pH and concentrations of oxygen and Co2 in blood

74
Q

how is the nervous control of heart by reflex action

A

receives impulses from medulla
sympathetic nerve speeds up heart
branch of vagus nerve slows down heart

75
Q

vagus nerve role

A

When blood pressure is high in the arteries the heart rate is lower by impulses from cardiovascular center

76
Q

what happens if blood pressure is low or CO2 high

A

will increase rate of sinoatrial node firing

77
Q

what happens if there’s high blood pressure or low Carbon dioxide

A

Rate of sinoatrial node firing is reduced and parasympathetic activation

78
Q

respiratory center

A

Region of the medulla of the brain concerned with the involuntary control of breathing

79
Q

what does the inspiration Center do

A

Sends impulses to increase rate and depth of breathing

80
Q

what does the expiratory Center do

A

Sends impulses to inhibited inspiratory center and stimulate expiration

81
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary nervous system

82
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Network of sensory neurons motor neurons and interneurons embedded in the wall of the gastrointestinal system

83
Q

why is the PNS special

A

Controls the activities and structures in the body that are mostly involuntary

84
Q

peristalsis

A

Waves of muscular contractions passing down the gut wall

Biology IB YR12-13 (31 decks)

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