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Biology IB YR12-13 > D4.1 Natural Selection > Flashcards

D4.1 Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

Where can evidence for evolution be found

A

fossils
base sequences in DNA and RNA
amino acid sequences in proteins
homologous structures
selected breeding

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2
Q

natural selection

A

organisms better adapted to their environment survive and produce more offspring

evolution occurs through this

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3
Q

theory of evolution developed by

A

charles darwin

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4
Q

what other idea did charles darwin develop - more detailed

A

idea of organic evolution by natural selection

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5
Q

paradigm shift

A

significant and fundamental change in how the world is viewed

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6
Q

when can natural selection occur

A

if there is variation

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7
Q

what does variation result in - 1

A

sexual reproduction during meiosis in gamete formation and fertilisation

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8
Q

how does variation occur in meiosis

A
  • random assortment of chromosomes
  • crossing over
  • random fusion of gametes during fertilisation
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9
Q

results of meiosis

A

new combinations of existing characteristics that may affect survival and opportunities to reproduce

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10
Q

variations arise as product of what

A

as the product of mutation, giving entirely new alleles

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11
Q

germ line mutations

A

mutations in ovaries or testes
may be passed to offspring

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12
Q

overproduction of offspring in the wild leads to

A

naturally to their competition for resources

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13
Q

a breeding pair births what

A

a breeding pair of offspring

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14
Q

what is everything except a breeding pair of offspring

A

casualties of the struggle

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15
Q

what limits population size

A

environmental factors
space
light
food

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16
Q

what to limiting factors do

A

limit carrying capacity of a species population

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17
Q

factors that promote natural selection

A

over production of offspring and competition for resources

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18
Q

what do density independent factors do

A

affect survival of individuals in a population, causing numbers to fluctuate

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19
Q

how are favourable characteristics expressed

A

in phenotypes of some of the offspring

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20
Q

what do offspring with favourable characteristics gain

A

may be able to survive better and reproduce
others will be less be able to compete successfully to survive and reproduce

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21
Q

basis for natural selection

A

differences between individuals in adaptation, survival and reproduction

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22
Q

fitness

A

an organisms ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring

its reproductive success

23
Q

selective advantage in alleles

A

those with the alleles that confer a selective advantage are more likely to breed and pass on these alleles to future generations

24
Q

natural selection is a result of

A

intraspecific competition since they compete for the same resources

25
Q

what does a mutation for selective advantage do

A

improves their change of surviving intraspecific competition

26
Q

how is a change in environment a disadvantage

A

likely to operate on individuals and cause change to gene pools

27
Q

aquired characteristics

A

arent heritable

28
Q

the peppered moth in terms of evolutionary change

A

due to industrial revolution pollution the tree barks etc became black causing dark moth species to increase

29
Q

what is the dark moth species increasing known as

A

industrial melanism

30
Q

advantage of peppered moths and result

A

sooty moths could camouflage the best and became the dominant species

31
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differences in appearance between males and females of the same species such as in colour, shape, size and structure

32
Q

sexual selection

A

selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex

33
Q

birds of paradise living feature

A

rainforests of papua new guinea in south east asia

34
Q

birds of paradise visual feature

A

male bird is brightly coloured and female is plane

35
Q

what did difference in physical appearance lead to in birds of paradise

A

evolution

male got brighter colours and feathers to attract females

36
Q

what would happen if there was a change in appearance or behaviour in birds of paradise

A

males and females may no longer being attracted and so no breeding

37
Q

what birds of paradise feature is likely to attract a mate

A

males with most impressive plumpage and courtship

38
Q

what can sexual selection affect

A

success and evolution

39
Q

peacocks visual features

A

male species of peafowl

have bright, iridescent tail feathers with eye spot patterning presented during courtship

40
Q

sexual selection in peacocks

A

tail becoming increasingly long and pattern more elaborate

41
Q

what does peacocks visual feature do

A

makes it prone to predation and reduces the likelihood of survival

42
Q

what does natural selection do

A

well adapt individuals to their environment

43
Q

what does sexual selection do

A

enhances changes of breeding success
can be seen as a stronger evolutionary force because variation in mating success can amplify selection and maintain new genetic variation

44
Q

guppies living feature

A

native to the mountain forest streams of north-east venezuela, margarita, trinidad and tobago

45
Q

guppies visual feature

A

complex variation in colouring and patterning
most camouflage from spots to resemble gravel

46
Q

hypothesis for male colouration 1

A

presence of predators, substrate type of stream affects survival, leading to spot brightness changing

47
Q

hypothesis for male colouration 2

A

spot brightness increases when there is low predation

48
Q

hypothesis for male colouration 3

A

high sports brightness attracts predators

49
Q

endler did an experiment on guppies

what was it

A

3 levels of predation
weak, no and dangerous predator
used to reflect the density of predators in the wild

50
Q

what happened to the guppies with dangerous predators

A

mean number of spots decreased

51
Q

what happened to the guppies with no or weak predators

A

spots kept increasing
males had more colourful patterning

52
Q

types of spots

A

line gravel favoured large spots and coarse gravel favoured small spots

53
Q

natural selection in guppies

A

finding food
predators can see brighter fish

54
Q

sexual selection in guppies

A

brighter males are more likely to mate and pass on alleles

Biology IB YR12-13 (31 decks)

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