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Biology IB YR12-13 > D3.1 Reproduction > Flashcards

D3.1 Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

not involving gametes and fertilisation

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2
Q

what does asexual reproduction result in

A

genetically identical offspring

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3
Q

examples of organisms that Asexually reproduce

A

greenfly - aquatic hydra
yeast cells and amoeba

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4
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involving the production and fusion of gametes
offspring have 2 sets of chromosomes

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction method

A

mitosis

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6
Q

sexual reproduction method

A

meiosis

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7
Q

Fertilisation

A

fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

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8
Q

variability

A

random fusion of gametes
produced by combining genes in gametes

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9
Q

external fertilisation

A

fish do it called spawning

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10
Q

internal fertilisation

A

sperm into body of females

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11
Q

when does sexual reproduction create variation

A

if environment is changing and they need to adapt

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12
Q

Gamete

A

haploid male or female sex cell that is able to unite with another of the other sex to form a zygote

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13
Q

male gamete

A

small
fewer energy reserves
large numbers produced

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14
Q

female gamete

A

bigger to save nutrients for zygote/ embryo
fewer - one every month

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15
Q

scrotum

A
  • hanging outside main body cavity
  • allows testes to be at optimum temperature for sperm production
  • 2-3 degrees lower than body temp
    produce sperm and testosterone hormone
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16
Q

epididymis

A

stores sperm

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17
Q

sperm ducts

A

carry sperm in a fluid - semen

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18
Q

what is the fluid called that sperm is carried in

A

seminal fluid

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19
Q

endocrine

A

secrete seminal fluid
include seminal vesicles and prostate gland

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20
Q

what does semen contain

A

sperm and fluid from seminal vesicles and prostate

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21
Q

urethra

A

duct that carries semen during an ejaculation to outside

runs from bladder to body outside

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22
Q

penis

A

external male organ used for urination and sexual intercourse

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23
Q

seminal fluid

A

male reproductive fluid containing spermatozoa in a liquid that supports the sperm

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24
Q

ovary

A

female reproductive organ in which the female gametes are formed

gland which secretes oestradiol and progesterone

forms ova or egg cells

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25
Q

oviduct

A

tube connecting ovary to uterus
site of fertilisation

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26
Q

uterus

A

the organ in which the embryo develops in female mammals

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27
Q

endometrium

A

lining of the uterus
built up each month in preparation for implantation
if fertilisation doesnt occur it leads to mensuration

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28
Q

mensuration

A

shedding of the endometrium from the uterus

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29
Q

vagina

A

muscular canal leading from uterus to outside the body

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30
Q

cervix

A

ring of muscles at neck of uterus

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31
Q

secretion of which hormones is cyclical

A

oesteradiol and progesterone is cyclical

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32
Q

follicle stimulating hormone FSH

A

hormone that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary

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33
Q

lutenizing hormone LH

A

hormone that stimulates ovulation and corpus leuteum formation

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34
Q

menstural cycle

A

monthly cycle of ovulation and mensuration in human females consisting of two cycles

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35
Q

ovarian cycle

A

monthly changes the occur to ovarian follicles leading to ovulation and the formation of a corpus luteum

monthly preparation and shedding of an egg cell

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36
Q

uterine cycle

A

cycle of changes to the uterus lining
approx 28 days

building up of uterus lining

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37
Q

what is the menstrual cycle controlled by

A

negative and positive feedback mechanisms

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38
Q

what is FSH secreted by and on which day

A

pituitary gland on day 1

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39
Q

day 1 of menstrual cycle

A

shedding of endometrium

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40
Q

FSH does what

A

stimulates development of several egg cells
only one develops into a mature egg

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41
Q

second stage of menstrual cycle

A

follicle secretes oestradiol
uterus - build up of endometrium for implantation
increase in FSH receptors, increasing oestradiol

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42
Q

third stage of menstrual cycle

A

concentration of oestradiol continues to increase
at highest level it inhibits FSH from pituitary
prevents further follicles from development

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43
Q

fourth stage of menstrual cycle - on the 14th day

A

stimulates ovulation

44
Q

what stimulates LH

A

oestradiol

45
Q

what secretes progesterone

A

corpus luteum

46
Q

uterus on fifth stage of menstrual cycle

A

build up of endometrium preparing for a possible implantation

47
Q

pituitary gland on fifth stage of menstrual cycle

A

inhibits LH and FSH

48
Q

sixth stage of menstrual cycle

A

FSH and LH levels decrease
allow corpus luteum to degenerate
levels of progesterone and oestradiol fall
hormones are so low that endometrium breaks down and period

49
Q

seventh stage of menstrual cycle

A

new cycle underway

50
Q

eighth stage of menstrual cycle

A

if egg is fertilised - embryo becomes endocrine gland and maintains corpus luteum as gland for 16 weeks of pregnancy

placenta takes over as corpus luteum

oestradiol and progesterone prevent ovulation and maintain endometrium

51
Q

ovarian follicle

A

a fluid filled spherical sac that contains and nourishes an immature egg or oocyte

52
Q

ovulation

A

release of oocyte from ovary

53
Q

corpus luteum

A

a hormone secreting structure that develops from an ovarian follicle after an oocyte has been discharged. It degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun.

54
Q

how does fertilisation take place in humans - step by step

A
  • sperm cells membrane fuses with an egg cell membrane
  • nuclear membranes of sperm and egg nuclei break down
  • homologous pairs participate in joint mitosis to produce 2 diploid nuclei
55
Q

where is a zygote formed

A

upper part of oviduct

56
Q

infertility in males can be due to

A
  • failure to achieve or maintain erect penis
  • structurally abnormal sperm
  • sperm with poor motility
  • short lived sperm
  • too few sperm
  • a blocked sperm duct, prevent semen from containing sperm
57
Q

infertility in females can be due to

A
  • conditions of the cervix
  • conditions in uterus that prevent implantation of embryo
  • eggs that fail to mature or be released
  • blocked or damaged oviducts preventing egg to reach sperm
58
Q

in vitro fertilisation IVF

A

medical procedure in which an egg is fertilised by sperm in a test tube

menstrual activity suspended with hormone based drugs

ovaries induced to produce lots of eggs

59
Q

step 1 of IVF

A

down regulation shits down period by stopping hormones. process takes 2 weeks

done with a dry nasal spray

60
Q

step 2 of IVF

A

superovulation - high doses of FSH injected over 10 day period to stimulate development of multiple follicles

61
Q

step 3 of IVF

A

when follicles reach 15-20 mm diameter, HCG is given to start maturation

after 36 hours, follicles are collected

62
Q

step 4 of IVF

A

prepared eggs combined with sperm in sterile conditions

63
Q

step 5 of IVF

A

successfully fertilised eggs are incubated before implantation

64
Q

step 6 of IVF

A

2 weeks before implantation - progesterone to aid implantation

continued till pregnancy testing

65
Q

step 7 of IVF

A

embryos at 8 cell stage placed in uterus
if one or more embedden - normal pregnancy

66
Q

success rate of implantation

A

40%

67
Q

hermaphrodite

A

both male and female parts

68
Q

ovule

A

in the flowering plant flower, the structure in an ovary which after fertilisation grows into the seed

69
Q

pollen

A

microspore produced in anthers containing male gametes

carried by insects or wind to female parts of the plant

70
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

71
Q

pollen tube

A

grows out of a pollen grain attatched to a stigma and down through the style tissue to the embryo sac

72
Q

what kind of fertilisation is unique to plants

A

double fertilisation

73
Q

double fertilisation

A

one male nuclei fuses with egg nucleus and other with another nucleus

74
Q

sepal

A

green structures that cover the flower while it is developing

75
Q

petal

A

large colourful structures that attract pollinators to the flower

76
Q

stamen

A

the male part of the flowers consisting of the anther and filament

77
Q

anther

A

produces pollen which contains the male gamete

78
Q

filament

A

structure that holds up the anther presenting it to visiting animals

79
Q

carpel

A

the female part of the flower made from the stigma, style and ovary

80
Q

stigma

A

the part of the female reproductive organs where the pollen lands

81
Q

style

A

holds up the stigma and is that path down which the pollen tube grows, carrying the pollen nuclei to the ovum

82
Q

cross polinate

A

pollen transfered from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of the same species

often brought by insects, butterflies, bees, birds and bats

83
Q

why do insects, butterflies, bees, birds and bats assist with pollination

A
  • attracted by colour or scent
  • rewarded by nectar and pollen
  • accidentaly transfer pollen between flowers
    mutualistic reproduction
84
Q

cross pollination is achieved by

A
  • stamen and stigma maturing at different times
  • stigma and anthers at different heights in same flowers
  • separate male and female flowers
85
Q

cross pollination results in

A

outbreeding

86
Q

cross pollination advantage

A

variation and some genomes more successful that others - good if environment changes

87
Q

cross pollination disadvantage

A

pollen needs to find the stigma of other flowers - element of chance

88
Q

self pollination

A

when pollen is transfered to the stigma in the same flower

89
Q

what does self pollination result in

A

inbreeding

90
Q

advantages of inbreeding

A

preserves good genomes suited to a stable environment

91
Q

disadvantages of inbreeding

A

reduction in variation
- greater chance of two undesirable recessive alleles coming together decreases genetic diversity

92
Q

self compatibility

A

recognition and rejection of pollen by the carpel of the same flower

prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing

93
Q

development of seed

A

seed development from fertilised ovule and contains an embryo plant and food store

94
Q

process of zygote in a seed

A

zygote grows through mitosis and forms an embryonic plant

embryo root, embryo stem, single cotyledon or 2 cotyledons

95
Q

when does formation of stored food reserves occur

A

can only occur if fertilisation occurs

96
Q

as seed matures the outer layer becomes

A

testa

97
Q

as seed matures the ovary becomes

A

a fruit

98
Q

as seed matures

A

water content decrease

99
Q

seed dispersal

A

the carrying of the seed away from the parent plan

100
Q

germination of seeds

A

the resumption of growth by an embryonic plant in seed or fruit, at the expense of stored food

101
Q

how does seed dispersal occur

A
  • moved to new areas, ready for germination
  • seeds can be sprung from fruit by an explosive mechanism
  • water is used
  • all seeds are compact, nutrition and light weight
  • seeds taken for food are dropped and lost, or stored and forgotten
102
Q

why dont many seeds germinate as soon as they are dispersed

A

have a dormant period

103
Q

why do sees have a dormant period that can be imposed due to

A
  • incomplete seed development causing embryo to be immature
  • presence of a plant growth regulator
  • impervious seed coat that is made permeable
  • requirement from pre-chilling under moist conditions
104
Q

after overcoming dormancy

A
  • water uptake so the seed is fully hydrated
  • oxygen present at a high partial pressure to sustain aerobic respiration
  • a suitable temperature
105
Q

in germination food reserves are

A

mobilised

106
Q

plant growth substance produced by cells of embryo

A

passes to the food store
protien reserves - hydrolytic enzymes

Biology IB YR12-13 (31 decks)

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