B1.1 CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS Flashcards
covalent bond
A chemical bond between two atoms formed by sharing electrons.
considered to be a stable bond - gives stability to molecules
polysaccharide example
Starch
glycogen
cellulose
how many bonds can a carbon form?
4
can be single or single-double
carbon bonding
Carbon can bind to other carbon atoms or to non-metallic elements through either single or double bonds.
monomers
A small molecule that can join with other monomers to make a larger polymer molecule.
Macromolecules
A giant molecule created by atoms covalently bonded to one another.
polymers
Large molecules, or macromolecules, made by combining monomers
4 macromolecule classes
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
condensation reactions
A polymerisation reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule and water is released.
When two molecules join, one molecule loses a hydroxyl group (−OH) and the other loses a hydrogen atom (−H), forming a water molecule and resulting in formation of a new covalent bond.
how are macromolecules formed
condensation reaction
glycosidic bond
covalent bond
connects a sugar molecule to another functional group
formed by condensation reaction
between carbohydrates
disaccharide
Two monosaccharides chemically bonded together.
polysaccharide
disaccharides bonded together
A major class of biomolecules, composed of long chains of carbohydrate molecules.
disaccharide examples
sucrose
maltose
lactose
monosaccharide examples
glucose
fructose
galactose
hydrolysis
A chemical reaction in which a water molecule is used to break down large molecules.
reverse reaction for the condensation polymerisation reaction
carboxyl group
COOH
- fatty acids
- amino acids
hydroxyl group
OH
- alcohols
- carbohydrates
amino group
NH2
- amino acids
Phosphate group
PO4
- DNA
- ATP
Ester group
COO
Nucleic acid bond
diester linkage
protiens bond
peptide
lipids bond
ester linkage
polysaccharides bond
glycosidic
organic compounds
must contain carbon and hydrogen
backbone of life
all life on earth is carbon based
made by living organisms
inorganic compounds
made up of carbon or hydrogen or both
not made by living things
complex structures
how are Monosaccharides classified
by the number of carbon atoms they contain. For example, pentoses have five carbon atoms such as ribose, whereas hexoses have six carbon atoms such as glucose, galactose and fructose
Fructose
type of sugar naturally found in fruits
galactose
type of sugar that is commonly found in dairy products
Glucose
most common monosaccharide found in nature and is an important source of energy for many organisms.
Properties of glucose
Stable structure due to the presence of covalent bonds which are strong and hard to break
Soluble in water due to its polar nature
Easily transportable due to its water solubility
A source of chemical energy when its covalent bonds are broken
alpha & beta
isomers
Two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms.
difference between alpha and beta glucose
In alpha-glucose, the –OH group is oriented downwards, whereas in beta-glucose, it is oriented upwards
order of the hydrogen
alpha- up up down up down
beta - down up down up down
why is glucose soluble
due to its polarity
it can therefore dissolve in water
types of starch
amylose and amylopectin .
amylose
linear polysaccharide
one of the constituents of starch
has glucose molecules
linked by glycosidic bonds.
amylopectin
A highly branched polysaccharide that is one of the constituents of starch. It is composed of glucose molecules linked by glycosidic bonds.
hydrolysis reactions
water is used to split molecules into seperate molecules
Glycogen
A branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary energy storage molecule in humans.
Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and muscle cells of animals.
Polysaccharides as energy storage compounds
Starch is compact in structure due to its coiling and branching during polymerisation, which allows for efficient storage in a small space.
The coiled structure of glycogen is due to the branching pattern of the molecule, which allows for efficient storage and mobilisation of glucose when energy is needed.
cellulose
Cellulose is a complex polysaccharide that is composed of beta-glucose molecules and is an essential component of the plant’s cell wall.
what does the straight chain structure of cellulose allow it to form
this unique structure allows the cellulose molecules to form long, unbranched chains that can be grouped into bundles called microfibrils
ABO blood groups
The ABO blood group system is based on the presence of specific glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells. These glycoproteins are called A and B antigens. Individuals can have one, both or neither of these antigens on their red blood cells.
what are the different blood groups
a
b
ab
o
hydrophobic
The property of non-polar substances that repel water molecules
Triglycerides
A type of liquid molecule composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol.
how is a triglyceride formed
When three fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule, a triglyceride is formed.
Phospholipids
A type of lipid molecule that is the main component in the cell membrane.
who do Phospholipids consist of
consists of a glycerol molecule modified with a phosphate group and two fatty acids
saturated
no double bonds
higher melting point
solid at room temp
unsaturated
one double bond
liquid at room temp
lower melting points
polyunsaturated
2 or more double bonds
cis unsaturated fatty acids
double bond is horizontal and in one line
hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms around the double bond are located on the same side of the molecule.
This creates a bend or a kink in the molecule
trans unsaturated fatty acids
has a double bond in the carbon chain
hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms around the double bond are located on opposite sides of the molecule.
creates a more linear structure and results in a molecule that is less flexible and more rigid than a cis fatty acid
role of adipose tissue
buoyancy and insulation
what is the adipose tissue
a layer of fat under the skin layer
