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Biology IB YR12-13 > B4.2 Echological Niches > Flashcards

B4.2 Echological Niches Flashcards

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1
Q

niche

A

role played by a species in its community which includes its abiotic requirements and tolerance, and its interaction with other organism

influences growth, survival and reproduction of species and how it obtains food

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2
Q

what happens if 2 organisms occupy the same niche

A

leading to evolutionary process or competitive exclusion

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3
Q

where are principles of niches seen

A

shag and cormorant - both live and feed along coastline and rear young on cliffs and rocks but have different diets and behaviours - avoid competition from each other

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4
Q

shag

A

nest on much narrower cliffs
feeds further to sea - fish and eels

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5
Q

cormorants

A

feeds near to shore
seabed fish - flatfish

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6
Q

why did first organisms on earth breathe with anaerobic respiration

A

because the earth was less in oxygen and there was nothing to produce it

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7
Q

obligate aerobes examples

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis -TB

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8
Q

obligate aerobes

A

organisms that can only respire aerobically - all plants and animals

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9
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that only respire in the absence of oxygen

poisoned by presence of oxygen
lack defence mechanisms to protect enzymes from oxidants

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10
Q

obligate anaerobes examples

A

methane producing archaea

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11
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

organism that normally respires aerobically but has the facility to switch anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen

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12
Q

facultative anaerobes example

A

E. coli
lives in intestines animals and also water, food, soil

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13
Q

autotrophic

A

using external energy sources to synthesis glucose from simple inorganic substances

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14
Q

heterotrophic

A

using carbon compounds obtained from other organisms to synthesise required carbon compounds

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15
Q

photoautotrophs

A

plants that use sunlight to make food

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16
Q

other organisms contain pigments and are autotrophs

A

algae, photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria

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17
Q

herbivores

A

an animal that feeds holozoically exclusively on plants
primary consumers

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18
Q

carnivores

A

flesh eating organism
secondary consumer

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19
Q

holozoic nutrition

A

nutrition in consumers where food is ingested, digested internally, absurd and assimilated

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20
Q

animals nutrition

A

get their nutrition from existing nutrients
- dependant on plant nutrition
- animal is a consumer
- animal nutrition is heterotrophic

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21
Q

mixotrophic

A

both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition

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22
Q

example of mixotropic nutrition organism

A

marine flatworm
- have algae living symbiotically in body

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23
Q

phytoplankton nutrition

A

take up dissolved organic carbon under inorganic nutrients stress

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24
Q

osmotrophy

A

uptake of dissolved organic material

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25
Q

saphrotropic

A

an organism that lives on or in dead organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion

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26
Q

examples of saphrotrophs

A

fungi and bacteria
are decomposers but also carry out heterotrophic nutrition

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27
Q

detrivore

A

organism that ingests dead organic matter
holozoic nutrition
secrete enzymes and digest food outside body

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28
Q

archaea

A

domain of microbes

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29
Q

extremophiles

A

microbes in hostile environment

30
Q

chemosynthesis

A

inorganic molecules are oxidised to release energy

energy is used to synthesise glucose

31
Q

what does archaea use for energy and why

A

no energy so uses sunlight as energy
uses light activated ion pumps to generate ion gradients by pumping ions out of cells

energy transferred to ATP

32
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

organisms that are chemosynthetic and use energy from chemical reactions involving the oxidation of inorganic compounds to make glucose

33
Q

where are chemosynthetic archaea found

A

stomachs and intestines of some mammals
can also be found at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight isn’t visible

34
Q

what family are humans apart of

A

hominidae

35
Q

gorilla adaptation teeth

A

mainly herbivores
large masseter muscles connect skill to jaw to grind plant
temporal muscles pull up jaw - animal to bite food
sagittate crest - allow attachment for temporal muscle - forceful bit

large and developed canines and incisors

36
Q

chimpanzee adaptation teeth

A

primarily frugivores - fruit
occasionally eat meat
less developed master and temporal muscle

37
Q

what are incisors for

A

slicing food

38
Q

what are canines for

A

tearing food

39
Q

what are premolars and molars for

A

grinding food

40
Q

what did humans evolve from

A

common ancestor with chimpanzees 4 million years ago

41
Q

what do teeth explain

A

diets

42
Q

herbivory

A

feeding on plants

43
Q

aphids adaptations

A

modified piercing mouth parts called stylets - secrete pectinate to digest pectin
so it can slide between cell walls and access sucrose in phloem

44
Q

how do other insects eat leaves

A

chewing mouth parts to bite, remove, masticate sections of leaves

45
Q

examples of insects with chewing mouthparts

A

grasshopper, locust, cockroaches, wasps, beetle, termite, caterpillars

46
Q

how do proboscis monkeys detoxifying plan toxins

A

bacteria in extended intestines that help in to neutralise toxins and digest cellulose

47
Q

cacti adaptations to resist herbivory

A

spines

48
Q

stinging nestles adaptations to resist herbivory

A

long thin hairs
contain methanol acid which causes painful sting and burning

49
Q

plant adaptations to resist herbivory

A

modified leaves
toxic secondary compounds in seeds and leaves

50
Q

deadly nightshade adaptations to resist herbivory

A

atropin and scopolamine in leaves, stems, berries and roots

causes paralysis in body muscles like heart

51
Q

cassava roots adaptations to resist herbivory

A

contain cyannide

52
Q

predation

A

interaction where one organism the predators kills and eats other organisms, its prey

53
Q

predator

A

an organism that kills and eats other organisms

54
Q

prey

A

organism hunted and eaten by predator

55
Q

eye position of predators

A

eyes on front for better depth perception and binocular vision

56
Q

eye position of preys

A

eyes on side so view of surroundings and can detect approach of predators from both sides, front and back

57
Q

specialised sense organs of predators and example

A

all have at least one to detect prey

snakes use tongue to pock up chemicals
falcons have acute vision

58
Q

speed as an advantage

A

for both prey and predator

prey - escape
predator - catch

cheetah onland
falcon in air

59
Q

mechanical defences

A

hard shells on tortoises and turtles, spines of a hedgehog
physically prevent predator from eating it

60
Q

camouflages

A

resemble background so are less visible
chameleon changes colour

61
Q

mimicry and example

A

mimicing another predator to scare them away

example -
coral snakes - poisonous
black red and white colours which are a warning and the non poisonous snakes like king snake mimic their colours to scare off predators

62
Q

toxicity

A

warning colours to convey that prey is toxic

caterpillar of cinnabar moth - black and yellow strips - taste unpleasant and topical chemicals

63
Q

chemical defences and example

A

toxic chemicals a prey has to avoid predators

bombarbier beetles - hot, noxious chemicals spray from tip of abdomen

skunk - pungent liquid containing volatile sulphurous chemicals are sprayed

64
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

not all predators rely on speed
many animals roll into a ball when threatened like woodlice and millipedes

65
Q

canopy tree harvesting light

A

first to access sunlight
maximises photosynthesis and enables them to grow to a large size

ground layer only gets 1% of light of what canopy layer gets

66
Q

lianas adaptations

A

woody vines - leaves and flowers in the canopy and roots in ground

use support of trees rather than a trunk

67
Q

epiphytes adaptations

A

plants that grow on the branches of trees
seeds of these plants are deposited by birds or mammas who rest on branches of three
use support of trees

68
Q

shade tolerate shrubs adaptations

A

contain different photosynthetic pigments from canopy plants since canopy filters out certain lights - have much larger leaves and few flowers

69
Q

fundamental niche

A

potential extent of a species based on adaptations and tolerance limits

where an organism could live

70
Q

realised niche

A

actual extent of a species when in competition with other species

where an organism does live

Biology IB YR12-13 (20 decks)

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