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Biology IB YR12-13 > B4.1 Adaptations To Environment > Flashcards

B4.1 Adaptations To Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Habitat definition

A

the place in which a community, population or organism lives

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2
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can potentially interbred to produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

niche

A

complete description of a species ecology

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4
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species

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5
Q

community

A

all populations of different species living together and interaction with eachother

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6
Q

biotic

A

all living organisms

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7
Q

abiotic

A

non living things in a ecosystem - rocks water light

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8
Q

ecosystem

A

formed by the interaction between communities ad abiotic environment

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9
Q

environment

A

external surroundings that can influence survival and development on an organism, population or community

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10
Q

microhabitat

A

small scale habitat that differs in abiotic and biotic factors from the surrounding habitat

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11
Q

what is marram grass

A

xerophyte

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12
Q

what is a xerophyte

A

group of plants that can survive in dry areas by having features that prevent water loss

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13
Q

why are plants susceptible to increased water loss in windy or hot environments

A
  • increased evaporation
  • differences in water concentration between leaf tissues and air
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14
Q

what features does marram have to prevent water loss

A

rolled leaf with stomata on inside so that water that evaporates makes the leaf saturated

inner epidermis folded and with hair to trap water vapour - hair also limits movement

outer epidermis - thick and waxy to prevent loss from outside of leaf

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15
Q

features of mangrove swamps

A

found in tropical coastal areas
high rainfalls
solar radiation constant throughout year
grow in a saline and oxygen deficient environment

harsh environment limits productivity

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16
Q

adaptations of mangrove swamps - root

A

roots are generally submerged underwater so that have less oxygen

instead they have aerials roots - absorbs oxygen directly from air
stilt roots give stability

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17
Q

adaptations of mangrove swamps - pneumatophores

A

are roots which grow vertically from ground
act like snorkels
have pores - lenticels - oxygen absorption occurs
contains hydrophobic substances so water can’t flood root when underwater

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18
Q

adaptations of mangrove swamps - salt

A

root membrane prevent salt when water enters

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19
Q

limiting factors

A

variables that -
* slows life processes
* stops a population from growing
* is available in excess

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20
Q

what are limiting biotic factors

A

interactions between organisms
eg. competition or predation

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21
Q

what are limiting abiotic factors

A

physical components of the environment like pH, rainfall, humidity, temperature etc

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22
Q

limiting factors in plants

A

light water nutrients Co2 temperature

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23
Q

limits of tolerance

A

upper and lower limits to the range of particular environmental factors within which an organisms can survive

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24
Q

range of tolerance

A

range between critical minimum and critical maximum limits of environmental factors affecting an organism

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25
Q

what does the graph of tolerance represent

A

the frequency at which individuals of species are found under a range of environmental factors

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26
Q

optimum zone of tolerance

A

is the optimal range on graph
- conditions that favour maximum fitness, growth, abundance, survival
- reproductive success

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27
Q

zones of stress

A

fewer individuals and survival is lower
unable to reproduce

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28
Q

zones of intolerance

A
  • tolerance limits exist for all importance environmental factors
  • nothing can survive here
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29
Q

transects

A

arbitrary line through a habitat selected to systematically sample the community

30
Q

line transect

A

tape is laid out in direction of environmental gradient and all organisms towering the tape are recorded
quantitative data

31
Q

belt transect

A

all organisms within a band, usually between 0.5m and 1m are sampled along an environmental gradient

32
Q

continuous transect

A

all transect sample

33
Q

interrupted transect

A

samples are taken at points of equal distance along gradient

34
Q

what is exposure

A

it is an abiotic factor

brings threat of dying out and more extremes of temperature than those during submersion

35
Q

what are coral reefs

A

marine ecosystem
tropical coral reefs - warm sea and sunlight
reef building corals need a narrow temperature range 23-29 degrees c

36
Q

zooxanthehae

A

is an organism that has a symbiotic relationship with the corals

37
Q

symbiotic

A

close and long term biological interactions between 2 different biological organisms

38
Q

what are limiting factors to coral reefs

A

temperature and light

even if it increases by 1 degree, it can stress the zooxanthehae causing algae to leave the coral

39
Q

what is bleaching

A

when there are lots of zooxanthehae causing the corals to starve and not having enough algae to make glucose

due to temperatures and light - depth

40
Q

how is co2 a limiting factor to coral reefs

A

lowers pH - more acidic
causes ocean acidification

coral reefs are basic and when

burning of fossil fuels results in co2 reacting with water - forms hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions

reduced calcification rates -destruction of existing reefs

41
Q

all limiting factors to coral reefs

A

water depth - light passing
pH - acidity
salinity - saltiness to avoid osmotic problem
clarity - light passing
temperature - bleaching

42
Q

biome

A

groups of ecosystems with similar abiotic conditions and communities, defined by climate and dominant plant species

43
Q

what are the abiotic factors that determine terrestrial biome distribution

A

temperature
precipitation
isolation
air pressure
humidity
cloudiness
wind

44
Q

climatograph

A

graphical model that shows the relationship between temperature, precipitation and ecosystem type

45
Q

isolation

A

amount of sunlight

46
Q

productivity

A

rate of storage of energy in plants biomass through photosynthesis

47
Q

features of tropical rainforests

A

little variation in sunlight and temp - year round growth

many layers of trees - emergent to ground level

48
Q

why do tropical rainforests have high productivity

A

highest productivity as the rainfall is high, isolation is constant and temperature is warm

49
Q

features of temperate forests

A

deciduous and every green forests - grasslands

highly productive for part of the year where there is sunlight

winters and rainfall is also seasonal

50
Q

why do temperate forests have lower productivity thank tropical rainforests

A

less stored chemical energy
rainfall is only sufficient to make forest but not enough to have high productivity

seasons

51
Q

features for tiaga forests

A

northern coniferous forests
pine trees
near artic circle
worlds largest land biome

52
Q

climate for tiaga forests

A

cold, harsh, low rainfall, short growing season

serve winters can last till 6 months

short summers 50-100 days

53
Q

what is the effect of snow in tiaga forests

A

reflects incoming solar radiation and increases cooling

54
Q

features of grasslands

A

16% of earths surface
not enough rain but enough to form deserts
wide diversity and low productivity

55
Q

what limits survival in grasslands

A

widely fluctuating temperatures - plants and animals harder to live

mixing of cold polar air with warm southern winds

56
Q

features of tundra

A

colder ecosystems in northern hemisphere
northern polar regions
low isolation
winter temp -50

57
Q

productivity in tundra

A

very Low because water becomes ice and is not available to plants or animals
days are short - no sunlight
soil permanently frozen so nutrients are limited

58
Q

features of hot deserts

A

high average temperatures and low rainfalls
20-30% of land surface
dry airs

59
Q

productivity in hot deserts

A

low because lack of water limits photosynthesis
rate of productivity is low

60
Q

expire meaning

A

conditions too extreme - parent organisms die but leave behind tough seeds or eggs

61
Q

evade meaning

A

avoid extreme temp by changing activity from day to eight or form above ground to below

62
Q

endure meaning

A

fatty deposits - respiratory substrate, releasing water. can be stored in roots stems and leaves

63
Q

adaptations of camels

A

tolerate body temp till 42
thick fur for shade on top
long neck and legs to increase surface area for heat loss
large flat feet - reduce pressure
loose very less water in pee and sweat
slit like nostrils - close to keep sand out
2 rows of eyelashes to keep sand out of eyes and nose

64
Q

adaptations of cacti

A

modified leaves - stops animals from eating
photosynthesis in stem to reduce surface area
thick waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
shallow wide spread roots - to absorb rainfall dast
deep roots to reach water beneath surface

65
Q

adaptations of scorpions

A

active at night to avoid day time heat and conserve energy
wide range of prey and wait for it to come near them
exoskeletons to protect and prevent water los
can detect vibration of sand by other animals

66
Q

adaptations of kangaroo rats

A

can live without water
hide in burrows in day
excrete extremely concentrated urine and no sweat

67
Q

adaptations of pitcher plants

A

carnivores plants so they can get nutrition like nitrogen from insects that the soil lacks
secrete digestive enzymes
cup shaped leaves and downwards pointing spines to prevent insects from escaping

can photosynthesis for glucose

68
Q

adaptations of flying lizards

A

glide from tree to tree to save energy and evade predators on the floor

folds of skin that open when stretched to glide

69
Q

adaptations of gibbons

A

elongated forearms to help them jump from tree to see
hook like fingers and high mobility in shoulders
very rarely descend to floor

70
Q

adaptations of orchid mantis

A

mimicry of orchid flower
attracts pollinators to its flower like structure and uses forelimbs to attack and kill prey

Biology IB YR12-13 (20 decks)

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