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Biology IB YR12-13 > B3.2 Transport > Flashcards

B3.2 Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Mass flow

A

the movement of fluids down a pressure gradient

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2
Q

living cells require

A

supply of water and nutrients
oxygen
waste products to be removed

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3
Q

types of vessels in circulation system

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

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4
Q

arteries

A

carry blood flow away from heart

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5
Q

veins

A

carry blood to heart

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6
Q

capillaries

A

fine networks of tiny tubes linking arteries and veins

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7
Q

adaptation of capillaries

A

tissues and cells
blood under low pressure to prevent walls from bursting
narrow tubes
diameter very small
blood flow reduced
increased rate of exchange of molecules

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8
Q

large surface area adaptation for exchange of material

A

branching
increases diffusion rate

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9
Q

narrow diameters adaptation for exchange of material

A

RBC close to wall to reduce diffusion distance

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10
Q

thin walls adaptation for exchange of material

A

fast diffusion
single layer of cells

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11
Q

gaps in walls adaptation for exchange of material

A

allow some components of blood to escape and contribute to tissue fluid

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12
Q

endothelium

A

innermost lining layer of arteries and veins, and the layer of cells that compromises the capillary

lines inside of the heart

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13
Q

structure of arteries

A
  • walls are thicker and stronger
  • collagen fibres present
  • elastic and involuntary muscle fibres
  • lumen is smaller
  • maintains pressure
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14
Q

structure of veins

A
  • walls are thinner because blood is at low pressure
  • lumen is larger
  • reduces friction between RBC & wall - free flow of blood
  • valves to stop backflow
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15
Q

lumen

A

the hollow interior of a blood vessel through which the blood passes

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16
Q

aorta

A

main artery that carried blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

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17
Q

how do arteries withstand high blood pressure

A

Layers of muscle and elastic tissue in the walls

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18
Q

Adaptations of arteries

A

Wall thickness
elastic tissue
stretching walls
stretching fiber
increased distance

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19
Q

Adaptations of arteries - wall thickness

A

withstand blood pressure and prevent rupture

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20
Q

Adaptations of arteries - elastic tissue and collagen fibres

A

thick layer of elastic tissue to even out and maintain blood pressure

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21
Q

Adaptations of arteries - stretchy walls

A

To accommodate the huge surge of blood from heart

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22
Q

Adaptations of arteries - stretchy fibres

A

fibres stretch and recoil keeping the blood flowing forward

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23
Q

measurement of pulse rates

A

expansion of arteries are pulses
mostly where artery is near surface and passes over a bone

eg above wrist

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24
Q

radial artery where

A

wrist

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25
Q

carotid artery where

A

neck

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26
Q

functions of valves in veins

A

prevent back flow of blood under low pressure

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27
Q

what are valves made of

A

collagen protien

28
Q

how does the valve prevent backflow

A

blood pushes against valves causing them to close

29
Q

structure of viens

A

thin walls
external layer in thickest
few elastic fibres in the middle layers
walls are flexible to keep blood moving

30
Q

venule

A

branch of vein

31
Q

how are venules formed

A

a union of several capillaries - 15 mm Hg pressure

32
Q

pressure of veins

A

5 mm Hg
lowest pressure

33
Q

atherosclerosis

A

deposition of plaque in the inner wall of blood vessels

34
Q

occlusion

A

blockage or closing of a blood vessel

35
Q

how does disease of heart occur

A

atherosclerosis
- occlusion of arteries
- progressive degenration of artery walls

36
Q

how does damage to artery walls occur

A

fatty tissue is deposited under endothelium
atheroma reduce lumen diameter

37
Q

how does raise blood pressure occur

A

when fat deposits and fibrous tissues start to impede blood flow
- damage to arterial wall
- reduces elasticity
- lesion formation
- plaques ruptures
- blood clotting

38
Q

consequences of atherosclerosis

A

embolous in small artery or arteriole
- blockage
- deprivation of oxygen causing tissues to die
- can cause heart to cease to be a pump

HEART ATTACK

39
Q

heart bypass operation

A
  • blood vessel taken from patients leg
  • sometimes many bypasses needed
  • common and high survival chances
40
Q

what can cause atherosclerosis

A
  • high cholestrol
    high saturated fatty acids
    increased blood clots
41
Q

epidemiological studies

A

circumstantial evidence of health risks

suggests connection but doesnt establish a cause or biochemical connection

42
Q

strengths of evidence for incidence of coronary heart disease

A

comparison of mean values and analysis of how different they are

analysis of variation within data

43
Q

what do studies on coronary heart disease suggest

A

saturated fat intake
+ve correlation
strongest correlations dont provide a causal link

44
Q

limitations of evidence for incidence of coronary heart disease

A
  • whether measure of health was a valid one
  • small sample less reliable
  • data gathered from animals less reliable for humans
45
Q

transpiration

A

evaporation of water from spongy mesophyll tissue

46
Q

stems role in transpiration

A

supports leaves in sunlight and transports organic material, ions and water between roots and leaves

47
Q

roots role in transpiration

A

anchors plant and its site of absorption of water and ions from soil

48
Q

leaf role in transpiration

A

Specialized for photosynthesis

leaf blade connected to stem by a leaf stock

49
Q

transpiration system

A

Evaporated water replaced comes from cytoplasm and mostly from water in spaces in walls of nearby cells and xylem

50
Q

loss of water causes - transpiration

A

loss of water causes water to be drawn out of xylem vessels through walls by capillary action

51
Q

what does tension do - transpiration

A

draws water up in xylem
Because of tension the water column doesn’t break or tear away from the sides of the xylem vessel

52
Q

cohesion tension theory

A

Explanation of how water is drawn up the stem

53
Q

transpiration stream

A

Flow of water through a plant from the roots to the leaves via xylem vessels

54
Q

tension

A

Force that is transmitted through a substance when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite cells

55
Q

experiment to find tension

A

Xylem vessel is pierced by a fine needle
bubble of air enters column and interrupts water
jet of water released from broken vessels under pressure

56
Q

advantages of transpiration

A
  • evaporation of water from cells of leaf causes strong cooling effect
  • stream of water carries dissolved ions required by leaves
  • allows living cells to be fully hydrated
  • turgor pressure of cells provide support to leaf
57
Q

xylem role in water movement

A

cells with cellulose walls and living contents
long hollow tubes during developement
living contents of xylem used up in deposition of cellulose thickening to inside of lateral walls
hardened by ligin - tough tissue

58
Q

root role in water movement

A

huge surface area in contact with soil
plants have a system of branching roots that continually grow at each root tip pushing through the soil

59
Q

root hairs

A

extensions of individual epidermal cells - short lived

60
Q

apoplast pathway

A

the pathway through the non-living part of a cell

61
Q

symplast pathway

A

the pathway through the cell membrane and plasodesmata

62
Q

mass flow

A

interconnection free spaces between cellulose fibres of the plan cell walls

63
Q

vascular pathway

A

water movement through the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and the vacuole

64
Q

endodermis

A

single layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue in the roots of a plant

65
Q

casparian strip

A

a band of cells containing suberin, a waxy substances impermeable to water found in ther endodermal cell walls of plant roots

66
Q

adaptation of xylem vessels for transport of water

A
  • thickened walls strengthened with lignin
  • lignin - waterproof and stops water from escaping
  • unimpeded flow of water and minerals
  • withstand pressure and tension
  • pits - areas for entry and exit of water

Biology IB YR12-13 (31 decks)

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