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Biology IB YR12-13 > C4.2 Transfers of Energy and Matter > Flashcards

C4.2 Transfers of Energy and Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

Closed system

A

only energy can pass in and out, not matter

only exists experimentally, although the global geochemical cycles approximate to close system

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2
Q

Open system

A

both energy and matter can enter and exit

sustainable ecosystems

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3
Q

Why is sunlight needed as energy in ecosystems

A

for organisms to carry out activities, they need energy - ATP

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4
Q

Producers

A

autotrophic organism that can synthesis glucose
first trophic level in food chain

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5
Q

exceptions of producers

A

hydrothermal vents, caves

areas where there is no sunlight

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6
Q

how does energy enter through food chains

A

enters usually as sunlight, leaves as heat

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7
Q

where does an arrow point in a food chain

A

direction of energy flow

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8
Q

food chain

A

sequence of organisms within a community in which each is food of the next, starting with producer

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9
Q

consumer

A

organisms that are unable to synthesise glucose and so eat other organisms or organic matter to obtain it and other nutrients

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10
Q

food web

A

interconnected food chains in an ecological community

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11
Q

trophic levels

A

feeding level within a food chain
usually 3-4

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12
Q

decomposers

A

organisms that feed on dead plants and animal material, causing matter to be recycled by other living things

bacteria, fungi

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13
Q

how does cycling of nutrients occur

A
  1. break up of animal body
  2. succession of micro-organisms
  3. releasing of simple inorganic molecules like oxygen, water, and all absorbed by plant roots for reuse
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14
Q

why is cycling of nutrients needed

A
  • essential for survival of living things
  • limited resources and nutrients
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15
Q

what completes the last step of cycling of nutrients

A

detrivores begin breakdown and saphrotrophs finish it

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16
Q

photoautotrophs features

A
  • transfer solar energy into chemical energy
  • nearly all plants
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17
Q

chemoautotrophs features

A
  • use chemical energy from oxidation reactions to create glucose
  • nitrifying bacteria
  • iron oxidising bacteria
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18
Q

what do redox reactions do

A
  • release energy and are useful in living organisms
  • photosynthesis and respiration
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19
Q

what is common in autotrophs and heterotrophs in terms of release of energy

A
  • ability to release stored chemical energy to produce ATP - life processes
  • release of energy - oxidation of carbon compounds in cell respiration
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20
Q

what form is all energy released in

A

heat

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21
Q

producers

A

bottom of the food chain
1st level

22
Q

primary consumer

A

2nd trophic level
organisms that feed on producers

23
Q

secondary consumer

A

3rd trophic level
carnivore that feeds on herbivore

24
Q

tertiary consumer

A

4th trophic level
animal that feeds on secondary consumer

25
Q

why is energy reduced as it moves up trophic levels

A

it is used for cell respiration to provide energy for MSGREN

26
Q

why is 90% of energy lost

A
  • biomass not being eaten
  • food not being digested
  • excretion
  • loss of heat from respiration
  • loss as inedible parts - bones, teeth, fur
27
Q

steps of reductions in energy in a plant

A
  1. light energy from sun to plant
  2. energy used for life processes
  3. stored in organic molecules in plant
  4. heat energy lost as respiration and metabolism
  5. chemical energy to tissues of a green plant
  6. final energy lost when plant dies
28
Q

what animals will pass on less energy

A
  • greater respiration rate
  • cold blooded animals which loose more heat
29
Q

Heat loss in ecosystem

A
  • due to conversion of chemical energy to heat
  • transfer of energy is inefficient
30
Q

why is there restriction on number of trophic levels

A
  • only 10% of energy is transferred in each tropic level
31
Q

consequences of 10% of energy being passed in each trophic level

A
  • at each stage in food chains there are fewer organisms (less biomass)
  • number of trophic levels are restricted
32
Q

food chains and world hunger

A

huge population and excessive demands on food supply and resources

33
Q

ethics and world hunger

A
  • well nourished people living with malnourished and starving people
34
Q

what does being vegetarian do

A
  • trophic level is extended by one which leaves more food for others
35
Q

Primary production

A

accumulation of carbon compounds in biomass by autotrophs

occurs when autotrophs grow and reproduce

36
Q

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

total gain in biomass per unit area per unit time fixed by producers

37
Q

Net primary productivity (NPP)

A

gain by producers in biomass per unit area per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory losses (R)

available to consumers in an ecosystem

38
Q

NPP

A

GPP - R

39
Q

why do rainforests have highest NPP

A

so much energy at producer level that can support a number of trophic levels

40
Q

Secondary production

A

accumulation of carbon compounds in biomass by heterotrophs

when heterotrophs grow and reproduce

41
Q

Gross secondary productivity (GSP)

A

the total gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time through absorption

42
Q

Net secondary productivity (NSP)

A

the gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory losses (R)

43
Q

biochemical cycles

A

nutrients are recycled in a circular path

44
Q

carbon cycle

A
  • burning of fossil fuels
  • combustion
  • volcano erruptions
  • decay by detrivores and saphrotrophs
45
Q

why is secondary production lower that primary production

A

loss of biomass when carbon compounds are converted to Co2 and H2O in respiration

46
Q

Sink

A

absorbs more carbon from atmosphere that it releases

  • plants, ocean, soils, forest
  • deforestation causes carbon emissions
  • forest regrowth - carbon sequestration
47
Q

Source

A

releases more carbon in atmosphere than it absorbs
burning of fossil fuels

47
Q

Peat

A
  • formed over millions of years by plant matter
  • erroded by wind due to no water logging
  • more likely for it to catch fire
    climate drying
48
Q

Burning of fossil fuels

A
  • coal as a source of energy
  • carbon that has been locked away for 350 million years is being reduced to atmosphere
  • large coal, oil and gas reserves led to more burning
  • leads to global warming and natural disasters
  • movement away from fossil fuels resources
49
Q

fires in the amazon

A
  • drought tolerance had its limits
  • land use activites increase susceptibility to fires
  • forests burning for crops or pasture and to improve pasture forage
  • frequently burn beyond boundaries to nearing forests
50
Q

kneeling curve

A

a daily record of global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration kept since the 1950s

Biology IB YR12-13 (31 decks)

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