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Biology IB YR12-13 > D3.2 Inheritance > Flashcards

D3.2 Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

autosomal

A

gene located on one of the numbered or non sex chromosomes.

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2
Q

autosomal chromosome

A

numbered chromosomes in a karyogram ranged from smallest to largest

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3
Q

gregor mendel

A

cross bred different types of pea plants in monastery

300,000 plants over 8 years
large sample carefully planned, easily recognisable characteristics

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4
Q

parental generation (P)

A

first set of parents in a genetic cross. The parents genotypes are used to predict the genotype of their offspring

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5
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross involving one pair of contrasting characteristics exhibited by homozygous parents

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6
Q

F1 generation

A

first finial generation
arises by crossing parents and when selfed or crossed via sibling crosses, produces the F2 generation

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7
Q

F2 generation

A

offspring produced by F1 generation

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8
Q

dominant allele

A

an allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state

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9
Q

recessive allele

A

an allele that has an effect on the phenotype only when present in the homozygous state

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10
Q

punnet grid

A

diagram used to show and calculate all the combinations and frequencies of different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a genetic cross

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11
Q

Mendells conclusions

A
  • breeding factors controling characteristics
  • 2 factors in each cell
  • one factor from each parent
  • factor can be separated and passed during reproduction
  • factor tall is dominant and alternative to factor dwarf
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12
Q

law of segregation

A

the characteristics of an organism are controlled by pairs of alleles which separate in equal numbers into different gametes as a result of meiosis

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13
Q

genotype

A

the combination of alleles inherited by an organism. genetic constitution of organism

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14
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles of a gene

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15
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles of a gene

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16
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits of an organism resulting from genotype and environmental factors

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17
Q

organisms can have the same __ but different __

A

phenotype
genotype

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18
Q

what can phenotype be determined by

A

genotype, environmental factors, interactions

eg. eyecolor and blood

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19
Q

recessive characteristic in phenotype

A

homozygous genotype

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20
Q

dominant characteristic

A

homozygous or heterozygous

may look alike but different genotypes

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21
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

the capacity to develop traits suited to the environment experienced by an organism by varying patterns of gene expression

ex. exercise result

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22
Q

phenylkatonuria

A

a reccessive genetic condition caused by mutation in an autosomal gene that codes for the enzyme needed to convert phenylalanine to tryosine.

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23
Q

untreated infants with PKU

A

unusually light eye, skin and hair colour

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24
Q

high blood phenylalanine levels

A

disruptions in neurotransmiters such as dopamine

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25
Q

symptoms of PKU

A

seizures, abnormal muscle movements, tight muscles and tremors
can lead to sevre brain damage

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26
Q

cure for PKU

A

phenylalanine restricted diet

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27
Q

genotype for PKU

A

recessive

28
Q

carrier

A

an individual that has one copy of a recessive allele that causes a genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous from this allele

29
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms

A
  • represents a different in a single nucleotide
  • can replace C with A
  • many alleles can exist
  • an individual can only inherit 2 alleles rather than the full number
30
Q

blood groups

A

A B AB O

31
Q

co dominant blood groups

A

I^A and I^B

32
Q

co dominance

A

both alleles are expressed in a phenotype

33
Q

incomplete dominance

A

where a dominant allele does not completely mask the effects of a recessive allele resulting in heterozygotes having an intermediate phenotype

34
Q

what do sex chromosomes decide

A

gender

35
Q

sex of offspring is determined by

A

the male

36
Q

7th week of pregnancy

A

growth of genitalia if Y chromosome is present

37
Q

Y chromosome codes for a protien called

A

testis determining factor TDF

38
Q

testis determining factor functions

A

a molecular switch and initiates production of a low level of testosterone

39
Q

in the absense of Y chromosome

A

ovary formed
under hormones from ovary develops female reproductive structures

40
Q

sex linkage

A

special case of linkage occuring when a gene is located on a sex chromosome

usually the x chromosome

41
Q

which chromosome is longer

A

X

42
Q

alleles on Y are concerned with

A

male structures and functions

43
Q

eg of recessive conditions

A

red green color blindness
haemophilia

44
Q

haemophilia

A

blood doesnt clot normally
frequent and excessive bleeding
due to failure to produce proper particular blood protiens

45
Q

genes for haemophilia are on which chromosome

A

X

46
Q

recessive or dominant for haemophilia

A

recessive

47
Q

haemophilia common in which gender

A

males

48
Q

when in haemophilia fatal

A

fatal un uterus to women - abortion

49
Q

analysis of pedigree charts

A

can be used to detect conditions due to dominant and recessive allels

50
Q

dominant in pedigree charts

A

dominant - more and more in every generation

51
Q

recessive in pedigree charts

A

recessive - infrequent and skips many generation

52
Q

albinism

A

rare and recessive monohybrid inheritance

53
Q

brachydactyly

A

fingers are very short
usually allele is dominant so tends ro occur in every generation

54
Q

why is relative marraige prohibited mostly

A

probability is increased of child inheriting 2 copies of a harmful recessive allele rather than only one

55
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance of phenotypic characters that are determined by the collective effects of several different genes

56
Q

variation types

A

continuous and discontinuous

57
Q

combined effect of all genes

A

continuous variation

58
Q

continuous variation

A

continuous variation results in a range of phenotypes between two extremes; examples include height and weight

59
Q

discontinuous variation

A

discontinuous variation results in a limited number of phenotypes with no intermediates; examples include ABO blood groups, seed shape in peas and seed colour in peas

60
Q

human skin colour is what kind of variation

A

continuous distribution

61
Q

human skin colour may be influenced by

A

environmental factors

62
Q

characteristics are controlled by what

A

polygenes and show continuous variation

63
Q

normal distribution curve

A

show variability but with value grouped symmetrically around a central value

64
Q

skewed distribution

A

values reduce in frequency more rapidly on one side of the most frequently obtained value than on the other

65
Q

what do box and whisker plots show

A

differences in the mean and range

Biology IB YR12-13 (31 decks)

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