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Biology IB YR12-13 > B3.1 Gas Exchange > Flashcards

B3.1 Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

how does gas exchange occur

A

through diffusion

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2
Q

gas exchange

A

exchange of respiratory gases between/organisms and the environment

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3
Q

challanges of gas exchange

A
  • surface area to volume ratio decreases with size increase
  • surface area is large in relation to amount of cytoplasm
  • most cells are too far from surface to recieve enough oxygen by diffusion
  • increased metabolic rate and demand for oxygen is high
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4
Q

properties of gas exchange surfaces

A

permeability
thin tissue layer
moisture
large surface area

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5
Q

permeability

A

to allow gases across

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6
Q

thin tissue layer

A

to make shortest distance for diffusion as possible

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7
Q

moisture

A

gases dissolve in moisture, helping them to pass across gas - exchange surface

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8
Q

large surface area

A

for large quantities of gas

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9
Q

concentration gradient

A

the different in concentration of a substance between one area and another

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10
Q

steeper the gradient

A

faster the diffusion

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11
Q

why does gradient need to be maintained

A

allows O2 to diffuse into the body and Co2 to go out

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12
Q

How are the gradients maintained

A

dense network of blood vessels which provide large surface area

continuous blood flow carrying away O2 and CO2 to surface

Ventilation

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13
Q

Lungs

A

organ where gas exchange occurs

thin, large, moist surface area
are in a protected position in thorax so air has to be brought to surface

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14
Q

thorax

A

upper part of body separated from the abdomen

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15
Q

ventilation system

A

moves air into and out of lungs efficiently and maintains concentration gradients

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16
Q

blood circulation system

A

moves O2 to cells as soon as it crosses surface

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17
Q

respiratory pigment

A

increases O2 carrying ability of blood

haemoglobin in RBC

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18
Q

Intercoastal muscles

A

between ribs involved in ventilation

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19
Q

diaphragm

A

sheet of tissues largely muscle, separating thorax from abdomen in mammals

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20
Q

pleural membrane

A

lines lungs and thorax cavity
secretes pleural fluid

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21
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe

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22
Q

bronchus

A

tube connecting trachea with lungs

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23
Q

bronchiole

A

small terminal branch of a bronchus

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24
Q

alveolus

A

air sac in lung
walls supported by rings of cartilage preventing collapse due to change in pressure

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25
Q

pleural fluid

A

lubricating liquid protecting lungs from friction

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26
Q

alveoli adaptation

A

elastic connective tissue as apart of their walls

small size and large number
large surface are for gas exchange

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27
Q

capillary system in alveoli

A

wraps around alveoli and provides a large surface area for diffusion of O2 and CO2

connected to pulmonary vein and artery supplied with blood

28
Q

surfactant role

A

lines inner surface of alveoli
secreted by cells and reduces surface tension allowing alveoli to flex easily

29
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

alveoli

30
Q

how does gas exchange occur in alveoli

A

goes into RBC and combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

31
Q

on inspiration action alveoli

A

volume of thorax increases
walls of alveolus and terminal bronchiole are stretched in
air is drawn in

32
Q

on expiration action alveoli

A

volume of thorax decreases
alveolus and terminal bronchiole revert to resting size, due to recoil of elastic fibres
air is expelled out

33
Q

how effective are mammalian lungs

A

air flow is tidal - enters and leaves by the same route

residual volume that cant be expelled

incoming air mixes with and dilutes the air

34
Q

Ventilation of lungs

A

air drawn into alveoli when air pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure

air forced out when pressure is higher in lungs than atmospheric pressure

35
Q

inspiration steps

A
  • external intercoastal muscles contract
  • internal relax
  • diaphragm contracts and moves down
  • ribs move upwards and downward
36
Q

expiration steps

A
  • external intercoastal muscles relax
  • internal contract
  • diaphragm relax and moves up
  • ribs move downward and inward
37
Q

measurement of lung volume

A

spirometer

plastic lid over a tank that rises and falls while breathing

38
Q

tidal volume

A

typically 400-500 cm3
volume of air normally exchanged in breathing

have potential for an extra large intake and an extra large expiration of air

39
Q

inspiratory reserve

A

different between the max inspiratory level and tidal volume

40
Q

expiratory reserve

A

different between the maximum expiratory level and tidal volume

41
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhilation

42
Q

VC

A

TC+IRV+ERV

43
Q

Ventilation rate

A

number of inhalations or exhalations per minute

44
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer

45
Q

mesophyll tissue

A

parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts

46
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem and phloem of plants

47
Q

vascular bundle

A

strands of xylem and phloem separated by cambium

the site of water and food movements up and down the stem

48
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

cells containing many chloroplasts found beneath the upper epidermis in leaves

49
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

rounded cells in the leaves that are loosely packed, creating air spaces where air circulates, providing a large surface area for gas exchange

50
Q

stomata

A

pore in epidermis of a leaf, surrounded by 2 guard cells

51
Q

turgid

A

where vacuoles of a plant cell is full of water, pushing the cell membrane against the cell wall

52
Q

flaccid

A

plant cell that has become soft and less rigid than normal because the cytoplasm with cells has shrunk and contracted away from cell walls through water loss

53
Q

adaptations of leaf for gas exchange

A

waxy cuticle
epidermis
air spaces
spongy mesophyll
stomatal guard cells
veins

54
Q

waxy cuticle adaptation

A

impermiable barrier so gases and water vapour go through stomata

water loss reduced

55
Q

epidermis adaptation

A

contain stomata for gas exchange - reduce water loss

56
Q

air spaces adaptation

A

allow gases to circulate - maintains concentration gradients

57
Q

spongy mesophyll adaptation

A

large surface area for gas exchange

58
Q

stomatal guard cells adaptation

A

open and close to control gas exchange and water loss

59
Q

veins adaptations

A

carry water to leaves which is then lost through stomata

required for photosynthesis

60
Q

Transpiration

A

evaporation of water from the spongy mesophyll tissue and subsequent diffusion through stomata

61
Q

factors affecting rate of transpiration

A

temperature
humidity
wind
light intensity

62
Q

temperature affecting rate of transpiration

A

increase in kinetic energy and faster diffusion

increased temp = increased transpiration

63
Q

humidity affecting rate of transpiration

A

high humidity slows transpiration

64
Q

wind affecting rate of transpiration

A

sweeps away water vapour on stomata increasing concentration of water

65
Q

light intensity affecting rate of transpiration

A

stomata tend to open in light and cause loss of water vapour

66
Q

stomatal density

A

leaf cast to determine

Biology IB YR12-13 (31 decks)

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