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Biology IB YR12-13 > C4.1 Populations and Communities > Flashcards

C4.1 Populations and Communities Flashcards

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1
Q

population

A

interacting groups of organisms of the same species living in an area

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2
Q

sample

A

A subset of a whole population of habitat used to estimate the values that might have been obtained if every individual or response was measured

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3
Q

random sampling

A

A method of choosing a sample from a population without bias

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4
Q

sampling error

A

Statistical errors when a sample doesn’t represent the whole population

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5
Q

random errors

A

Unknown unpredictable differences
imprecision and uncertainty

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6
Q

systematic errors

A

Inaccuracy
- due to faults in experiment design

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7
Q

how are random errors eliminated

A

by taking average

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8
Q

how are systematic errors eliminated

A

with better designs

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9
Q

stratified sampling

A

two or more different habitat types

proportional area of different habitat types and samples each one accordingly

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10
Q

systematic sampling

A

when area includes an environment gradient

transect used to sample systematically along the environmental gradient

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11
Q

random quadrat sampling

A

used to study populations and communities

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12
Q

population size formula

A

(mean density per quadrat x total area)/ area of each quadrat

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13
Q

standard deviation variation

A

quantitative measure of the distribution of the values in a data set

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14
Q

standard deviation range

A

difference between largest and smallest data values

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15
Q

standard deviation

A

spread of a set of normally distributed data from the mean of sample

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16
Q

small standard deviation

A

data more reliable

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17
Q

normal distribution

A

data set distribution that is symmetrical about the mean

bell shaped curve

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18
Q

large standard deviation

A

unlikely to be significant too small - certainly significant

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19
Q

df

A

n - 1

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20
Q

one method to estimate population size for motile organisms

A

capture - mark - release - recapture - method

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21
Q

capture - mark - release - recapture - method

A

sample taken
animals taken, marked, recaptured, resampled
calculation made - number marked animals compared to size of resampled population compared to total population

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Lincoln Index

A

population size = (M x N / R)

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23
Q

M Lincoln Index

A

number of animals captured

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24
Q

N Lincoln Index

A

number of animals recaptured

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25
Q

R Lincoln Index

A

number of marked animals recaptured

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26
Q

what assumptions have to be made for a Lincoln Index

A
  • mixing is complete - marked individuals have spread out
  • marks are not removed
  • marks are not harmful
  • equally easy to catch each individual
  • no immigration/emigration/deaths/births
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27
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum number of individuals of a species that can be supported by a given environment

resources can run low, competition, limiting factors

prevent population from increasing further

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28
Q

negative feedback

A

feedback that tends to counteract any deviation from equilibrium and promotes stability

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29
Q

density dependant factors

A

factors that lower the birth rate or raise death rate as a population grows

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30
Q

biotic factors that limit population growth

A

internal density dependant factors
external density dependant factors

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31
Q

internal density dependant factors

A

fertility/size of breeding territory

32
Q

external density dependant factors

A

increased predation and pathogen or pests in dense populations

33
Q

Density independant

A

will affect the populations of all species in an ecosystem

weather, climate, natural disasters

34
Q

Density dependant

A

varying effects on the population of different species

  • define carrying capacity
  • tends to push population back towards carrying capacity
35
Q

exponential growth

A

increasing rate of growth
occurs in air ideal and unlimited environment

limiting factors dont restrict
plentiful resources
favourable abiotic components

36
Q

sigmoid growth curve

A

s shape population curve shows an initial rapid growth and then slows down as carrying capacity is reached

37
Q

exponential growth

A

limiting factors dont restrict growth of a population

38
Q

transition phase

A

increase in number is slow
limiting factors begin to affect the population

39
Q

plateau phase

A

limiting factors restrict population to carrying capacity

40
Q

NIEM phases

A

natality
mortality
immigration
emigration

41
Q

natality

A

birth rate

42
Q

mortality

A

death rate

43
Q

immigration

A

movement into population

44
Q

emigration

A

departure from population

45
Q

modelling of a sigmoid population curve using duckweed

A

aquatic plants
staple diet for ducks and other aquatic birds
rapidly growing
used as a model system for studies in population ecology

46
Q

communities in ecosystems

A

a group of different species living in an area

biotic parts of the ecosystem

47
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between individuals of the same species

48
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between individuals of different species

49
Q

cooperation

A

action or process of working together
to minimise direct competition

50
Q

wildebeast

A

territory fight - intraspecific

51
Q

hyenas

A

hunt together - clans
cooperation

52
Q

insects

A

group work (social insect)
bees, wasp, ants
super organism - all are genetically identical
altruistic behavior
leaf cutter ants

53
Q

mutualism

A

symbiosis
interaction in which both species derive benefit
can increase carrying capacity

54
Q

parasitism

A

parasite organisms benefits at expense of host
lower carrying capacity of host

55
Q

pathogenicity

A

capacity of a microbe to cause damage to a host resulting in disease

can reduce carrying capacity of infected population

56
Q

alturism

A

behaviour of an animal that benefits another at its own expense. Biologists call a behaviour pattern altruistic if it increases the number of offspring produced by recipient and decreases that of the alturist

57
Q

root nodules in fabaceae legume

A

small swelling on the root of plants that contain symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria

58
Q

rhizobium

A

bacterium living in root nodules
fixes nitrogen gas to form ammonium ions
enables them to live in nitrate deficiet areas
need glucose for respiration

aerobic
needs lots of energy
large amounts of ATP

59
Q

what does rhizobium contain

A

nitrogenase (enzyme) which catalyses nitrogen fixation

oxygen exclusion necessary - same size and shape so causes blockage)

60
Q

mycorrhizae in orchidaceae

A

fungus that grows in association with roots of a plant in a symbiotic relationship

key role in orchid germination
seed is small so it gets nutrients from fungi
in turn fungi gets glucose

61
Q

corals and zooxanthellae

A

mutually beneficial
polyps connect - sharing of nutrients
algae live in endodermis

coral provides algae with protected environment and Co2 for photosynthesis

62
Q

grey squirell and red squirell

A

alien invasive species where the grey squirell removed the red completely

63
Q

who investigated competitve exclusion

A

joseph connell

64
Q

what did joseph connell investigat

A

2 species of banacle
2 species couldnt grow in the same area because of difference in niches
led to competitive exclusion

65
Q

hypothesis

A

states that there is a statistially significant difference between 2 variables

66
Q

null hypothesis

A

no statistically significant difference between 2 variables

67
Q

independant variable

A

experiment changes one variable
measures effect on dependant

68
Q

control variable

A

variables kept constant

69
Q

chi squared test

A

tests significance of deviations between numbers observed (O) and numbers expected (E)

70
Q

predator-prey relationships

A

interrelationships of population size due to predation of one species on another

controlled by negative feedback mechanisms that control population densities

71
Q

top down control

A

changes to the food chain occur at the top trophic level and then impact on the trophic levels lower in the food chain

predator controlled food web

72
Q

bottom up control

A

changes to food chain occur at the lowest trophic level and then impact on the trophic levels higher in the food chain

imitation due to resources that allow growth etc

73
Q

allelopathy

A

chemical inhibition of one plant by another, due to the release of chemicals that act as germination or growth inhibitors

74
Q

how can allelopathy be carried out in plants

A
  • releasing chemical compounds from roots to soil
  • gas from stomata in leaves
  • leaves dropping with toxic chemicals
75
Q

examples of allopathic plants

A

cabbage
mustard
kale
radish

76
Q

secretion of antibiotics

A

penicilin by alexander flemming in 1929
fungi naturally produces antibiotics to kill or stop bacteria growth

77
Q

how is penicillin allopathic

A

kill and inhibit bacteria
medicine and antibiotics

Biology IB YR12-13 (26 decks)

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