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MIDTERMS & FINALS > CPHM: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) > Flashcards

CPHM: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Flashcards

1
Q

4 major NCD or chronic diseases or lifestyle-related disease

A
  1. Cardiovascular diseases
  2. Cancer
  3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
  4. Diabetes mellitus
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2
Q

In the Philippines, __________________have brought about a considerable change on the health status

A

urbanization and lifestyle changes

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3
Q

influenced the spread of NCD

A

Globalization and social change

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4
Q

• Essential toll to achieve community health
• Concern with promoting health as well as reducing behavior-
induced diseases
aims to:
a. Inform the people
b. Motivate the people
c. Guide the people into action

A

HEALTH EDUCATOR

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5
Q

Disease of the heart and blood vessels

A

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

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6
Q

• Defined as sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure

• Major risk factor for the development of other CVDs like Coronary Heart Disease or Stroke

• It is not a single disease state but a disorder with many causes, a variety of symptoms and a range of responses to therapy

A

Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure

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7
Q

Types of Hypertension:
No definite cause but it is attributed to atherosclerosis
Aka: Essential hypertension or Idiopathic hypertension

A

Primary Hypertension

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8
Q

Types of Hypertension:

Result from other diseases that leads to hypertension such as renal diseases

A

Secondary Hypertension

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9
Q

Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure

Risk Factors:

A

ü FamilyHistory
ü Age
ü Race
ü High salt intake–saltcauses
elevation in blood volume

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10
Q

Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure

Lifestyle Factors:

A

ü Obesity
ü Excess alcohol consumption
ü stress

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11
Q

§ It is a heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow
§ It is known as Ischemic Heart Disease
§ CAD can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack), arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death.
§ Cause: atherosclerosis (thickening of the inside wall of the arteries due to deposition of fat-like substance)
ü When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged, supply of blooded oxygenate the heart muscle is affected.
ü When there is decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle,chest pain occurs(angina)

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

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12
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Risk Factors:

A

ü FamilyHistory
ü Age
ü Race
ü Sex
ü Elevatedbloodlipids(LowDensity
Prevention:
Lipoprotein)
ü Hypertension
ü Smoking
ü DM
ü Obesity
ü Stress

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13
Q

Loss of alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain.

If blood is obstructed for more than several minutes, injury to the brain cells becomes permanent and tissue dies in the affected region resulting in cerebral infarction.

One of the leading causes of disability
Weakness or paralysis usually 1 side of the body
Slurring of speech

A

C. Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke

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14
Q

Three types of stroke

usually occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessel commonly seen in older people.

A

Thrombolytic stroke

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15
Q

3 types of stroke

caused by a clot that travels from somewhere else in the body, usually from the heart

A

Embolic stroke

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16
Q

3 types of stroke

most fatal type of stroke, rupture of intracerebral blood vessel
Other cause: aneurysms, trauma

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

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17
Q

develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. ________ cells continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so.

A

Cancer

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18
Q

continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so; they compete with normal cells for the blood supply and nutrients

A

Cancer cells

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19
Q

CA cells gets into the bloodstream or lymph vessels and can travel to other parts of the body and begin to grow and replace normal cells

A

Metastasis

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20
Q

capable of causing cancer, maybe chemical, environmental agent, radiation

A

Carcinogens- agent

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21
Q

Carcinogens Agent

are chemicalsmfound in cigarette smoke, industrial agents and in smoked foods.

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbon

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22
Q

Carcinogens Agent

produced when meat and fish are charcoal broiled or smoked, also produced when food is fried in fat that has been reused repeatedly

A

Benzopyrene

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23
Q

Carcinogens Agent
powerful carcinogens used as preservatives in foods like tocino, longanisa, bacon, hotdogs

A

Nitrosamines

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24
Q

Carcinogens Agent

UVraysfromsunlight,x-rays

A

Radiation

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25
Q

Carcinogens Agent

found in peanuts and peanut butter

A

Aflatoxin

26
Q

• Genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia present at time of diagnosis

Etiology/cause: Depends on the type of diabetes. Two predisposing factors include genetic predisposition and environment/lifestyle

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

27
Q

DIABETES MELLITUS type

• Characterized by absolute lack of insulin due to damaged pancreas
• Dependent on insulin injections
• Genetic, environmental or maybe acquired

A

TYPE I- Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

28
Q

DIABETES MELLITUS type

• More common, 90-95% of all person with obesity and diet
• Possible cause include impaired insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose production
• Usually in older and overweight persons

A

TYPE II- Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

29
Q

develops during pregnancy and may lead to type II DM

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

30
Q

Risk factors of Type II DM

A

• Family history
• Overweight and obesity
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Hypertension.

31
Q

DIABETES MELLITUS
Complications:

A

• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Hypoglycemia
• Chronic renal disease
• Blindness/retinopathy
• CAD/Stroke
• Foot ulcers

32
Q

§ Major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide- 4th leading cause of mortality.
§ It is a disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
§ The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal
inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases.

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

33
Q

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

Primary symptoms & primary diagnosis:

A

ü Cough
ü Sputumproduction
ü dyspnea

34
Q

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

Complications

A
  1. Respiratory failure
  2. Cardiovascular disease
35
Q

• A chronic disease (chronic inflammation = hyperresponsiveness of airways
• Inflammatory disorder of the airways
• These episode is reversible spontaneously or by treatment
• Causes: genetics or environment component

A

Bronchial asthma

36
Q

Bronchial asthma

Host factors:

A

§ Genetic predisposition
§ Atopy/allergy
§ Airway hyperresponsiveness
§ Gender
§ Race/ethnicity

37
Q

Bronchial asthma

Environmental factors:

A

§ Allergens
§ Tobacco smoke
§ Air pollution
§ Parasitic infection
§ Obesity
§ Diet

38
Q

Bronchial asthma

Asthma triggers

A

ü Allergens
ü Irritantgases
ü Smoke
ü Housedustmites
ü Coldair
ü Foods
ü Additive
ü Drugs

39
Q

Risk Factor Assessment

A

Cigarette smoking
Nutrition / Diet
Overweight / Obesity
Physical inactivity / Sedentary Lifestyle
Excessive alcohol drinking

40
Q

Type of alcohol
-1 glass/can/bottle (350 ml)
-3%
-10 grams

A

Beer

41
Q

Type of alcohol
1 glass (100 ml)
10%
10 grams

A

wine

42
Q

Type of alcohol

-1 glass (40 ml)
-25%
-10 grams

A

Distilled spirit

43
Q

Classification of blood pressure (mm Hg)
ü Apparatus/instrument:mercurymanometer,aneroidBP

A

Screening for Hypertension

44
Q

Laboratory test: Total blood cholesterol Fasting: at least 8 hours

A

Screening for elevated cholesterol in the blood

45
Q

ü Hallmark of diagnosis:hyperglycemia
ü Familyhistoryofdiabetes
ü Polyuria
ü Polydipsia
ü Polyphagia
ü Unexplained weight loss
Special risk for DM: - Hypertensive
- Overweight
- GDM
Laboratory Blood tests:
• Fasting blood sugar
• 2 hours post prandial test

A

Screening for Diabetes mellitus

46
Q

ü Earlydetectionandprompttreatmentarekeystocuringcancer
• Warning Signs of Cancer (CAUTION US)
a) Change in bowel and bladder habits
b) A sore does not heal
c) Unusual bleeding or discharge
d) Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
e) Indigestion and difficulty in swallowing
f) Obvious change in wart or mole
g) Nagging cough or hoarseness of voice
h) Unexplained anemia
i) Sudden weight loss

A

Screening for Cancer

47
Q

Screening for COPD

A

Spirometry

48
Q

determines the degree of obstruction

A

Spirometry

49
Q

Family history of asthma/allergy
Personal history of allergic rhinitis/asthma

A

Screening for Asthma

50
Q

• VISION 2020: The right to sight, is a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness by the year 2020.
• The long term aim of VISION 2030 is to develop a sustainable comprehensive health care system to ensure the best possible vision for all people and thereby improve quality of life.
• The priority worldwide are the 5 preventable/treatable conditions a. Cataract
b.Refractive errors and low vision c.Trachoma
d.. Onchocerciasis
e. Childhood blindness

A

NATIONAL PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS PROGRAM

51
Q

75% of blindness in the Philippines is a result of three preventable/treatable conditions:

A

• a. cataract
• b. Refractive errors and low vision
• c. Childhood blindness

52
Q

state of well being where a person can realize his or own abilities to cope with normal stresses of life and work productively.

A

Mental Health

53
Q

Four Facet of Mental Health Problems:

• Refers to the burden currently affecting person’s mental disorders and is measured in terms of prevalence and other indicators such as the quality-of- life indicators and DAILY.
• Felt heavily by families and communities both in human and economic loss

A

Defined Burden

54
Q

Four Facet of Mental Health Problems:

Refers to mental illness affects the persons’s functioning and thinking process

A

Undefined Burden

55
Q

Four Facet of Mental Health Problems:

• Refers to the stigma and violations of human rights
• Stigma is a mark of shame, disgrace or disapproval that result in a person being
shunned or rejected by others

A

Hidden burden

56
Q

Four Facet of Mental Health Problems:

• Refers to the burden in the future resulting from the aging of the population, increasing social problems and unrest inherited from existing burden

A

Future burden

57
Q

ranks as the number 10 killer in the Philippines, causing death to about 7,000 Filipinos every year

A

Kidney Disease

58
Q

Kidney Disease:

A

• Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)
• Diabetic Kidney disease
• Hypertensive Kidney disease
• Pyelonephritis
• Often lead to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

59
Q

• Started as DOH- Preventive Nephrology Project (PNP), with NKTI as the main implementing agency
• The implementation of the project then was on the screening for urine abnormality among elementary school children nationwide
• It lasted from January 1994 to December 1999
• In January 2000, the PNP was renamed REDCOP

A

RENAL DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM

60
Q

• Healthy and empowered Filipinos by the year 2020 with reduced mortality and morbidity from kidney disease, in a society which has an established modern health system that can efficiently and effectively address the current and emerging problems of the renal system

A

RENAL DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM

61
Q

ü25 organs and tissues may be donated for
transplantation
ü Organs:
§ Heart
§ Liver
§ Pancreas
§ Kidneys
ü Tissues:
• Bone & cartilage (bone marrow)
• Cornea
• Skin

A

RA 7170: Organ Donation Act of 1991

MIDTERMS & FINALS (39 decks)

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