CPHM: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Flashcards by Zelene Ignacio

4 major NCD or chronic diseases or lifestyle-related disease

Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
Diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the Philippines, __________________have brought about a considerable change on the health status

urbanization and lifestyle changes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

influenced the spread of NCD

Globalization and social change

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

• Essential toll to achieve community health
• Concern with promoting health as well as reducing behavior-
induced diseases
aims to:
a. Inform the people
b. Motivate the people
c. Guide the people into action

HEALTH EDUCATOR

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease of the heart and blood vessels

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

• Defined as sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure

• Major risk factor for the development of other CVDs like Coronary Heart Disease or Stroke

• It is not a single disease state but a disorder with many causes, a variety of symptoms and a range of responses to therapy

Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of Hypertension:
No definite cause but it is attributed to atherosclerosis
Aka: Essential hypertension or Idiopathic hypertension

Primary Hypertension

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of Hypertension:

Result from other diseases that leads to hypertension such as renal diseases

Secondary Hypertension

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure

Risk Factors:

ü FamilyHistory
ü Age
ü Race
ü High salt intake–saltcauses
elevation in blood volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure

Lifestyle Factors:

ü Obesity
ü Excess alcohol consumption
ü stress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

§ It is a heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow
§ It is known as Ischemic Heart Disease
§ CAD can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack), arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death.
§ Cause: atherosclerosis (thickening of the inside wall of the arteries due to deposition of fat-like substance)
ü When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged, supply of blooded oxygenate the heart muscle is affected.
ü When there is decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle,chest pain occurs(angina)

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Risk Factors:

ü FamilyHistory
ü Age
ü Race
ü Sex
ü Elevatedbloodlipids(LowDensity
Prevention:
Lipoprotein)
ü Hypertension
ü Smoking
ü DM
ü Obesity
ü Stress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Loss of alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain.

If blood is obstructed for more than several minutes, injury to the brain cells becomes permanent and tissue dies in the affected region resulting in cerebral infarction.

One of the leading causes of disability
Weakness or paralysis usually 1 side of the body
Slurring of speech

C. Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three types of stroke

usually occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessel commonly seen in older people.

Thrombolytic stroke

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 types of stroke

caused by a clot that travels from somewhere else in the body, usually from the heart

Embolic stroke

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 types of stroke

most fatal type of stroke, rupture of intracerebral blood vessel
Other cause: aneurysms, trauma

Hemorrhagic stroke

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. ________ cells continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so.

Cancer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so; they compete with normal cells for the blood supply and nutrients

Cancer cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CA cells gets into the bloodstream or lymph vessels and can travel to other parts of the body and begin to grow and replace normal cells

Metastasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

capable of causing cancer, maybe chemical, environmental agent, radiation

Carcinogens- agent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carcinogens Agent

are chemicalsmfound in cigarette smoke, industrial agents and in smoked foods.

Polycyclic hydrocarbon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carcinogens Agent

produced when meat and fish are charcoal broiled or smoked, also produced when food is fried in fat that has been reused repeatedly

Benzopyrene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carcinogens Agent
powerful carcinogens used as preservatives in foods like tocino, longanisa, bacon, hotdogs

Nitrosamines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carcinogens Agent

UVraysfromsunlight,x-rays

Radiation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carcinogens Agent found in peanuts and peanut butter

Aflatoxin

• Genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia present at time of diagnosis Etiology/cause: Depends on the type of diabetes. Two predisposing factors include genetic predisposition and environment/lifestyle

DIABETES MELLITUS

DIABETES MELLITUS type • Characterized by absolute lack of insulin due to damaged pancreas • Dependent on insulin injections • Genetic, environmental or maybe acquired

TYPE I- Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

DIABETES MELLITUS type • More common, 90-95% of all person with obesity and diet • Possible cause include impaired insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose production • Usually in older and overweight persons

TYPE II- Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

develops during pregnancy and may lead to type II DM

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

Risk factors of Type II DM

• Family history • Overweight and obesity • Sedentary lifestyle • Hypertension.

DIABETES MELLITUS Complications:

• Diabetic ketoacidosis • Hypoglycemia • Chronic renal disease • Blindness/retinopathy • CAD/Stroke • Foot ulcers

§ Major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide- 4th leading cause of mortality. § It is a disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. § The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases.

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) Primary symptoms & primary diagnosis:

ü Cough ü Sputumproduction ü dyspnea

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) Complications

1. Respiratory failure 2. Cardiovascular disease

• A chronic disease (chronic inflammation = hyperresponsiveness of airways • Inflammatory disorder of the airways • These episode is reversible spontaneously or by treatment • Causes: genetics or environment component

Bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma Host factors:

§ Genetic predisposition § Atopy/allergy § Airway hyperresponsiveness § Gender § Race/ethnicity

Bronchial asthma Environmental factors:

§ Allergens § Tobacco smoke § Air pollution § Parasitic infection § Obesity § Diet

Bronchial asthma Asthma triggers

ü Allergens ü Irritantgases ü Smoke ü Housedustmites ü Coldair ü Foods ü Additive ü Drugs

Risk Factor Assessment

Cigarette smoking Nutrition / Diet Overweight / Obesity Physical inactivity / Sedentary Lifestyle Excessive alcohol drinking

Type of alcohol -1 glass/can/bottle (350 ml) -3% -10 grams

Beer

Type of alcohol 1 glass (100 ml) 10% 10 grams

wine

Type of alcohol -1 glass (40 ml) -25% -10 grams

Distilled spirit

Classification of blood pressure (mm Hg) ü Apparatus/instrument:mercurymanometer,aneroidBP

Screening for Hypertension

Laboratory test: Total blood cholesterol Fasting: at least 8 hours

Screening for elevated cholesterol in the blood

ü Hallmark of diagnosis:hyperglycemia ü Familyhistoryofdiabetes ü Polyuria ü Polydipsia ü Polyphagia ü Unexplained weight loss Special risk for DM: - Hypertensive - Overweight - GDM Laboratory Blood tests: • Fasting blood sugar • 2 hours post prandial test

Screening for Diabetes mellitus

ü Earlydetectionandprompttreatmentarekeystocuringcancer • Warning Signs of Cancer (CAUTION US) a) Change in bowel and bladder habits b) A sore does not heal c) Unusual bleeding or discharge d) Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere e) Indigestion and difficulty in swallowing f) Obvious change in wart or mole g) Nagging cough or hoarseness of voice h) Unexplained anemia i) Sudden weight loss

Screening for Cancer

Screening for COPD

Spirometry

determines the degree of obstruction

Spirometry

Family history of asthma/allergy Personal history of allergic rhinitis/asthma

Screening for Asthma

• VISION 2020: The right to sight, is a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness by the year 2020. • The long term aim of VISION 2030 is to develop a sustainable comprehensive health care system to ensure the best possible vision for all people and thereby improve quality of life. • The priority worldwide are the 5 preventable/treatable conditions a. Cataract b.Refractive errors and low vision c.Trachoma d.. Onchocerciasis e. Childhood blindness

NATIONAL PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS PROGRAM

75% of blindness in the Philippines is a result of three preventable/treatable conditions:

• a. cataract • b. Refractive errors and low vision • c. Childhood blindness

state of well being where a person can realize his or own abilities to cope with normal stresses of life and work productively.

Mental Health

Four Facet of Mental Health Problems: • Refers to the burden currently affecting person’s mental disorders and is measured in terms of prevalence and other indicators such as the quality-of- life indicators and DAILY. • Felt heavily by families and communities both in human and economic loss

Defined Burden

Four Facet of Mental Health Problems: Refers to mental illness affects the persons’s functioning and thinking process

Undefined Burden

Four Facet of Mental Health Problems: • Refers to the stigma and violations of human rights • Stigma is a mark of shame, disgrace or disapproval that result in a person being shunned or rejected by others

Hidden burden

Four Facet of Mental Health Problems: • Refers to the burden in the future resulting from the aging of the population, increasing social problems and unrest inherited from existing burden

Future burden

ranks as the number 10 killer in the Philippines, causing death to about 7,000 Filipinos every year

Kidney Disease

Kidney Disease:

• Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) • Diabetic Kidney disease • Hypertensive Kidney disease • Pyelonephritis • Often lead to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

• Started as DOH- Preventive Nephrology Project (PNP), with NKTI as the main implementing agency • The implementation of the project then was on the screening for urine abnormality among elementary school children nationwide • It lasted from January 1994 to December 1999 • In January 2000, the PNP was renamed REDCOP

RENAL DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM

• Healthy and empowered Filipinos by the year 2020 with reduced mortality and morbidity from kidney disease, in a society which has an established modern health system that can efficiently and effectively address the current and emerging problems of the renal system

RENAL DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM

ü25 organs and tissues may be donated for transplantation ü Organs: § Heart § Liver § Pancreas § Kidneys ü Tissues: • Bone & cartilage (bone marrow) • Cornea • Skin

RA 7170: Organ Donation Act of 1991