CPHM: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Flashcards
4 major NCD or chronic diseases or lifestyle-related disease
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Cancer
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
- Diabetes mellitus
In the Philippines, __________________have brought about a considerable change on the health status
urbanization and lifestyle changes
influenced the spread of NCD
Globalization and social change
• Essential toll to achieve community health
• Concern with promoting health as well as reducing behavior-
induced diseases
aims to:
a. Inform the people
b. Motivate the people
c. Guide the people into action
HEALTH EDUCATOR
Disease of the heart and blood vessels
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
• Defined as sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure
• Major risk factor for the development of other CVDs like Coronary Heart Disease or Stroke
• It is not a single disease state but a disorder with many causes, a variety of symptoms and a range of responses to therapy
Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure
Types of Hypertension:
No definite cause but it is attributed to atherosclerosis
Aka: Essential hypertension or Idiopathic hypertension
Primary Hypertension
Types of Hypertension:
Result from other diseases that leads to hypertension such as renal diseases
Secondary Hypertension
Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure
Risk Factors:
ü FamilyHistory
ü Age
ü Race
ü High salt intake–saltcauses
elevation in blood volume
Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure
Lifestyle Factors:
ü Obesity
ü Excess alcohol consumption
ü stress
§ It is a heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow
§ It is known as Ischemic Heart Disease
§ CAD can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack), arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death.
§ Cause: atherosclerosis (thickening of the inside wall of the arteries due to deposition of fat-like substance)
ü When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged, supply of blooded oxygenate the heart muscle is affected.
ü When there is decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle,chest pain occurs(angina)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Risk Factors:
ü FamilyHistory
ü Age
ü Race
ü Sex
ü Elevatedbloodlipids(LowDensity
Prevention:
Lipoprotein)
ü Hypertension
ü Smoking
ü DM
ü Obesity
ü Stress
Loss of alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain.
If blood is obstructed for more than several minutes, injury to the brain cells becomes permanent and tissue dies in the affected region resulting in cerebral infarction.
One of the leading causes of disability
Weakness or paralysis usually 1 side of the body
Slurring of speech
C. Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke
Three types of stroke
usually occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessel commonly seen in older people.
Thrombolytic stroke
3 types of stroke
caused by a clot that travels from somewhere else in the body, usually from the heart
Embolic stroke
3 types of stroke
most fatal type of stroke, rupture of intracerebral blood vessel
Other cause: aneurysms, trauma
Hemorrhagic stroke
develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. ________ cells continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so.
Cancer
continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so; they compete with normal cells for the blood supply and nutrients
Cancer cells
CA cells gets into the bloodstream or lymph vessels and can travel to other parts of the body and begin to grow and replace normal cells
Metastasis
capable of causing cancer, maybe chemical, environmental agent, radiation
Carcinogens- agent
Carcinogens Agent
are chemicalsmfound in cigarette smoke, industrial agents and in smoked foods.
Polycyclic hydrocarbon
Carcinogens Agent
produced when meat and fish are charcoal broiled or smoked, also produced when food is fried in fat that has been reused repeatedly
Benzopyrene
Carcinogens Agent
powerful carcinogens used as preservatives in foods like tocino, longanisa, bacon, hotdogs
Nitrosamines
Carcinogens Agent
UVraysfromsunlight,x-rays
Radiation
Carcinogens Agent
found in peanuts and peanut butter
Aflatoxin
• Genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia present at time of diagnosis
Etiology/cause: Depends on the type of diabetes. Two predisposing factors include genetic predisposition and environment/lifestyle
DIABETES MELLITUS
DIABETES MELLITUS type
• Characterized by absolute lack of insulin due to damaged pancreas
• Dependent on insulin injections
• Genetic, environmental or maybe acquired
TYPE I- Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
DIABETES MELLITUS type
• More common, 90-95% of all person with obesity and diet
• Possible cause include impaired insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose production
• Usually in older and overweight persons
TYPE II- Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
develops during pregnancy and may lead to type II DM
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Risk factors of Type II DM
• Family history
• Overweight and obesity
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Hypertension.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Complications:
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Hypoglycemia
• Chronic renal disease
• Blindness/retinopathy
• CAD/Stroke
• Foot ulcers
§ Major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide- 4th leading cause of mortality.
§ It is a disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
§ The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal
inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases.
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Primary symptoms & primary diagnosis:
ü Cough
ü Sputumproduction
ü dyspnea
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Complications
- Respiratory failure
- Cardiovascular disease
• A chronic disease (chronic inflammation = hyperresponsiveness of airways
• Inflammatory disorder of the airways
• These episode is reversible spontaneously or by treatment
• Causes: genetics or environment component
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma
Host factors:
§ Genetic predisposition
§ Atopy/allergy
§ Airway hyperresponsiveness
§ Gender
§ Race/ethnicity
Bronchial asthma
Environmental factors:
§ Allergens
§ Tobacco smoke
§ Air pollution
§ Parasitic infection
§ Obesity
§ Diet
Bronchial asthma
Asthma triggers
ü Allergens
ü Irritantgases
ü Smoke
ü Housedustmites
ü Coldair
ü Foods
ü Additive
ü Drugs
Risk Factor Assessment
Cigarette smoking
Nutrition / Diet
Overweight / Obesity
Physical inactivity / Sedentary Lifestyle
Excessive alcohol drinking
Type of alcohol
-1 glass/can/bottle (350 ml)
-3%
-10 grams
Beer
Type of alcohol
1 glass (100 ml)
10%
10 grams
wine
Type of alcohol
-1 glass (40 ml)
-25%
-10 grams
Distilled spirit
Classification of blood pressure (mm Hg)
ü Apparatus/instrument:mercurymanometer,aneroidBP
Screening for Hypertension
Laboratory test: Total blood cholesterol Fasting: at least 8 hours
Screening for elevated cholesterol in the blood
ü Hallmark of diagnosis:hyperglycemia
ü Familyhistoryofdiabetes
ü Polyuria
ü Polydipsia
ü Polyphagia
ü Unexplained weight loss
Special risk for DM: - Hypertensive
- Overweight
- GDM
Laboratory Blood tests:
• Fasting blood sugar
• 2 hours post prandial test
Screening for Diabetes mellitus
ü Earlydetectionandprompttreatmentarekeystocuringcancer
• Warning Signs of Cancer (CAUTION US)
a) Change in bowel and bladder habits
b) A sore does not heal
c) Unusual bleeding or discharge
d) Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
e) Indigestion and difficulty in swallowing
f) Obvious change in wart or mole
g) Nagging cough or hoarseness of voice
h) Unexplained anemia
i) Sudden weight loss
Screening for Cancer
Screening for COPD
Spirometry
determines the degree of obstruction
Spirometry
Family history of asthma/allergy
Personal history of allergic rhinitis/asthma
Screening for Asthma
• VISION 2020: The right to sight, is a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness by the year 2020.
• The long term aim of VISION 2030 is to develop a sustainable comprehensive health care system to ensure the best possible vision for all people and thereby improve quality of life.
• The priority worldwide are the 5 preventable/treatable conditions a. Cataract
b.Refractive errors and low vision c.Trachoma
d.. Onchocerciasis
e. Childhood blindness
NATIONAL PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS PROGRAM
75% of blindness in the Philippines is a result of three preventable/treatable conditions:
• a. cataract
• b. Refractive errors and low vision
• c. Childhood blindness
state of well being where a person can realize his or own abilities to cope with normal stresses of life and work productively.
Mental Health
Four Facet of Mental Health Problems:
• Refers to the burden currently affecting person’s mental disorders and is measured in terms of prevalence and other indicators such as the quality-of- life indicators and DAILY.
• Felt heavily by families and communities both in human and economic loss
Defined Burden
Four Facet of Mental Health Problems:
Refers to mental illness affects the persons’s functioning and thinking process
Undefined Burden
Four Facet of Mental Health Problems:
• Refers to the stigma and violations of human rights
• Stigma is a mark of shame, disgrace or disapproval that result in a person being
shunned or rejected by others
Hidden burden
Four Facet of Mental Health Problems:
• Refers to the burden in the future resulting from the aging of the population, increasing social problems and unrest inherited from existing burden
Future burden
ranks as the number 10 killer in the Philippines, causing death to about 7,000 Filipinos every year
Kidney Disease
Kidney Disease:
• Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)
• Diabetic Kidney disease
• Hypertensive Kidney disease
• Pyelonephritis
• Often lead to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
• Started as DOH- Preventive Nephrology Project (PNP), with NKTI as the main implementing agency
• The implementation of the project then was on the screening for urine abnormality among elementary school children nationwide
• It lasted from January 1994 to December 1999
• In January 2000, the PNP was renamed REDCOP
RENAL DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM
• Healthy and empowered Filipinos by the year 2020 with reduced mortality and morbidity from kidney disease, in a society which has an established modern health system that can efficiently and effectively address the current and emerging problems of the renal system
RENAL DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM
ü25 organs and tissues may be donated for
transplantation
ü Organs:
§ Heart
§ Liver
§ Pancreas
§ Kidneys
ü Tissues:
• Bone & cartilage (bone marrow)
• Cornea
• Skin
RA 7170: Organ Donation Act of 1991
