CPHM: Communicable Diseases 1 Flashcards
(t or f)
Communicable diseases are often the leading causes of all illness in the country today. Most often they afflict the most vulnerable, the
young and the elderly. They have numerous economic psychological, disabling and distinguishing effects to the emergence of newly discovered diseases and the re-emergence of old ones.
true
are readily transferred from one infected person to a susceptible and uninfected person and maybe caused by microorganisms.
Communicable diseases
Types of Microorganism causing infections:
the most common infection-causing microorganisms
Bacteria
Types of Microorganism causing infections:
consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter a living cells in
order to reproduce
Viruses
Types of Microorganism causing infections:
includes yeast and Molds
Fungi
Types of Microorganism causing infections:
Live on other living microorganism
Parasites
Chain of Infection
The extent to which any microorganisms is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganism (pathogenicity)., the ability of the microorganisms to enter the body, the susceptibility of the host, and the ability of microorganisms to live in the host’s body.
Etiologic agent
Chain of Infection
There are many _____________, or source of microorganisms. Common sources are the other humans, the client’s own microorganism, plants, animals, or the general environment. People are the most common source of infection for others and for themselves.
Reservoir
Chain of Infection
Before an infection can establish itself in a host, the microorganism must leave the reservoir.
Portal of exit from the Reservoir
Chain of Infection
- involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person through touching, biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse.
Direct transmission
Chain of Infection
may either be vehicle borne or vector borne
Indirect transmission
Chain of Infection
is any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introducing infectious agent
into susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry
Vehicle borne transmission
Chain of Infection
(inanimate objects or materials) such as handkerchiefs, toys, soiled clothes, cooking or eating utensils, and surgical instruments or dressing can act as vehicle
Fomites
Chain of Infection
borne transmission
is an animal or flying or crawling insects that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agents. Transmission may occur by injecting salivary gland fluid during biting or by depositing feces or other materials on the skin through the bite wound or a traumatized skin area.
Vector-
Chain of Infection
Before a person can became infected, microorganisms must enter the body. The skin is a barrier to infectious agents; however, any break in the skin can readily serve as portal of entry. Often, microorganisms enter the body of the host by the same route they used to leave the source.
Portal of entry to the susceptible host
Chain of Infection
is any person who is at risk for infection. A compromised host is a person “at increased risk:, an individual who for one or more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection. Impairment of the body’s natural defenses and a number of other factors can affect susceptibility to infection.
Susceptible host
Chain of Infection
After the microorganisms leaves its sources reservoir, it requires a means of ____________to reach another person or host through a receptive portal of entry.
transmission
Specific Protection against Disease
• Is the process of introducing vaccine into the body to produce antibodies that will protect our body against a specific infectious agent.
• Most vaccine are given more than once since the first dose gives only half projection the body needs. A second shot or “booster” is needed to give the body full projection against the disease.
_____________ against communicable disease • For infants
• Following exposure
• For all persons in endemic areas
• For person subject to unusual risk • For known cases
Immunization
Vaccine available for routine immunization
- DPT (Diptheria, pertussis and tetanus) vaccine
- OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
- MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine
- Hib (H.influenza type B) polysaccharide vaccine
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin)
- CDT (Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid)
An early start with _______ reduces the chance of severe pertussis
1DPT (Diptheria, pertussis and tetanus) vaccine
Caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae
Diptheria
Caused by Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis
Caused by Clostridium tetani
Tetanus
Vaccine available for routine immunization
the extent of protection against polio is increased the earlier the __________ is given
OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
caused by Polio virus
Poliomyelitis
caused by Measles virus
Measles
caused by Mumps virus
Mumps
caused by Rubella virus
German measles
Caused by Haemophilus influenza
Meningitis
an early start of ________reduces the chance of acquiring hep
Hepatitis B vaccine
Given at the earliest possible protects against the possibility of infection from other family members.
BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin)
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Caused by Vibrio cholera
Cholera
Caused by Shigella dysenteriae
Dysentery
Caused by Salmonella typhii
Typhoid
Specific Protection against Disease
• Administration of drugs to prevent occurrence of infection.
• e.g. Penicillin for gonorrhea, Chloroquine for malaria, INH for tuberculosis
Chemoprophylaxis
Specific Protection against Disease
• Placing mechanical barriers between the sources of agent and host such as use of mosquito nets, masks or gloves
• Health education of mothers, relative and attendants in the practice of strict aseptic methods of umbilical care in the newborn.
Mechanical Prophylaxis
Protection against Diseases
The most important procedure for preventing the transfer of microorganisms and the therefore nosocomial infection is correct and frequent ____________.
Handwashing
● Highly communicable disease characterized by abrupt onset
with fever which last 1 to 6 days, chilly sensation or chills, aches or pain in the back and limbs with prostrations. Respiratory symptoms include coryza, sore throat and cough.
● In the Philippines, it ranks 6th in the leading cause of morbidity (DOH, 2014)
INFLUENZA
Influenza virus A,B, C
Causative agent
Causative Agent:
Influenza virus A (H5N1)
BIRD FLU” or AVIAN INFLUENZA
● It is a newly recognized form of a typical pneumonia that had been described in patient in Asia, North America and Europe. The earliest known cases were identified in Guangdong Province, China in November 2002
● The WHO issued the global alert on the outbreak on March 2003 and instituted worldwide surveillance.
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
Causative agent:
● SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
● First identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012.
● Zoonotic virus, which means it is a virus that is transmitted between animals and people
MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)
) is a new virus that causes respiratory illness in people and can spread from person-to-person. This virus was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China.
● The new virus, Wuhan virus is an RNA virus related to both MERS and SARS coronavirus
2019-nCoV
2019-nCoV
Causative agent:
2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
An acute infectious disease of the lungs usually caused by the pneumococcus resulting in the consolidation of one or more lobes of either one or both lungs.
● In the Philippines, it ranks 7th in the leading cause of morbidity (DOH, 2020) and ranks 5th in the leading cause of mortality (DOH, 2023)
PNEUMONIA
● An acute infectious disease of sudden onset with slight fever. Mild constitutional symptoms and eruption which are macula-papular for few hours vesicular for 3-4 days and leaves granular scabs.
● Lesions are more on covered than on exposed parts of the body and many appear on scalp and
mucous membrane of URT.
CHICKEN POX (Varicella)
CHICKEN POX (Varicella)
Causative agent:
Varicella-Zoster virus
● The disease is usually sporadic (cases occur alone or may affect household members with intimate contact)
● Although primarily a disease of children, It may occur among adult especially in condition of forced overcrowding such as institution, jail and barracks.
● There is an increase rate in smokers, overcrowded households and military recruits.
MENINGOCOCCEMIA
MENINGOCOCCEMIA
Causative agent:
Neisseria meningitidis
● A highly contagious bacterial infection, primarily affecting the lungs but can also affect other organs of the body like brain, liver, kidney, intestine, GUT, and bones
● Considered as the World’s deadliest disease and remains as a major public health problem in the Philippines.
● It often occurs in children of under developed and developing countries in the form of primary complex especially after a bout of a deliberating childhood disease such as measles.
● In the Philippines, TB ranks 10th in the leading cause of morbidity (2020)
TUBERCULOSIS
TUBERCULOSIS
Causative agent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
● An acute highly communicable infection characterized by fever, rashes and symptoms referable to upper respiratory tract; the eruption is preceded by about 2 days of coryza, during which stage grayish pecks (“koplik spots”) may be found on the inner surface of the cheeks.
● Death is due to the complication (ex. Secondary to pneumonia, usually in children under 2 years old)
● is severe among malnourished children with fatality of 95-100%
MEASLES
● An acute contagious characterized by swelling of one or both parotid (salivary glands), usually occurring in epidemic areas.
MUMPS (Epidemic Parotitis)
MUMPS (Epidemic Parotitis)
Causative agents:
● Mumps virus, a member of the family Paramyxoviridae
● Acute febrile infection of the tonsil, throat, nose, larynx or a wound marked by a patch or patches of grayish membrane from which the __________________ is readily cultured.
DIPHTHERIA
DIPHTHERIA
Causative agents:
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
● Acute infection of respiratory tract. It begins as an ordinary cold, which in typical case increasingly severe, and after the second week is attended by paroxysm of cough ending in a characteristics whoop as the breath is drawn in.
Whooping cough (Pertussis)
Whooping cough (Pertussis)
Causative agent:
Bordetella pertussis
● Acute disease induced by toxin of Tetanus bacilli growing anaerobically in wounds and at the umbilicus among the infants. Characterized by muscle contraction
TETANUS NEONATORUM AND TETANUS AMONG OLDER AGE GROUP
TETANUS NEONATORUM AND TETANUS AMONG OLDER AGE GROUP
Causative agent:
Clostridium tetani
● Its most severe form, causes paralysis, difficulty of breathing and sometimes death.
● Any patient below 15 years old with acute flaccid paralysis including those with Guillain-Barre
syndrome
POLIOMYELITIS
POLIOMYELITIS
Causative agent:
Poliovirus
