Chapters 3 and 4 Flashcards
What did Miller conclude from his experiment?
Organic molecules is the origin of life
What are types of skeletons can carbon chains form?
Length, branching, double bond position, presence of rings
Organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbon
Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
Compounds with the same elements but in with different structures and shapes
Isomer
Isomers that differ in covalent bond arrangement
Structural
Isomers that have the same covalent partnerships but different spatial arrangement around a double bonded carbon
Geometric
Isomers mirror each other
Enantiomers
Why are enantiomers important to pharmacology?
They may mirror each other, but the carbon could be in a different place. 2 enantiomers may not be equally effective
Specific configuration of atoms attached to carbon skeletons of organic compounds in chemical reactions
Functional group
Always polar, has hydrogen bonds
Hydroxyl
Determines 2 groups of sugars
Carbonyl
Acts as an acid
Carboxyl
Acts as a base
Amino
Stabilizes protein structure
Sulfhydryl
Reacts with water and releases energy; key component of ATP
Phosphate
Affects DNA and gene expression
Methyl
Why is water considered polar?
It has opposite charges on each side
Hydrogen bonds are attracted to other surfaces
Adhesion
Water molecules hold onto one another
Cohesion
How difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
Surface tension
Amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 C
Calorie
Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 C
Specific heat
How do hydrogen bonds contribute to water’s high specific heat?
Heat must be absorbed to break h-bonds while heat is released when h-bonds are broken
Quantity of a heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from liquid to the gaseous state
Heat of vaporization
Dissolving agent
Solvent
A liquid that’s a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances
Mixture
Substance that is dissolved
Solute
Has an affinity for water
Hydrophilic
Has no affinity for water
Hydrophobic
What two ions form when water dissociates?
Hydronium and hydroxide
Increases hydrogen ion concentration
Acid
Decreases hydrogen ion concentration
Base
Minimizes changes in the concentrations of hydroxide and hydrogen in a solution
Buffer
What products of fossil fuels contribute to acid precipitation?
Sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide
Any force that holds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound. (holds hydrogen and oxygen to make water)
Intramolecular bond
Attractions that molecules have for one another (holds water molecules to each other)
Intermolecular bond
Group on the same side
Cis
Group on the opposite side
Trans
Why is hydrogen bonding important to the properties of water?
Responsible for emergent properties of water
How is ice less dense that water?
Hydrogen bonds keep the molecules at arms length causing ice to float
How do buffers help in biological systems?
Controls chemical reactions and maintains homeostasis
What are some properties of water?
Adhesion, cohesion, universal solvent, has a high specific heat
How does having a high specific heat help?
Water heats up more slowly and retains heat longer than surroundings
How does having a high heat of vaporization help water?
Helps organisms to produce a cooling effect when perspirating
