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AP Biology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA

A

Transcription

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1
Q

DNA direct the synthesis of proteins

A

Gene expression

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2
Q

Synthesis of a polypeptide using the information and mRNA

A

Translation

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3
Q

The central dogma of molecular genetics

A

DNS, RNA, protein

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4
Q

Coding strand to make an M RNA transcript

A

Template strand

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5
Q

What is the start codon

A

AUG

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6
Q

Triplet grouping of ribonucleotide used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

A

Reading frame

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7
Q

The enzyme that uses the DNA template strand to transcribe a new M RNA strand

A

RNA polymerase

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8
Q

Stretch of DNA transcribed in an RNA molecules

A

Transcription unit

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9
Q

Nucleotide sequence containing TATA

A

TATA box

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10
Q

What makes up a transcription initiation complex

A

Transcription factors, RNA polymerase bound to a promoter

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11
Q

What are the three important functions of the 5’ cap and poly-A tail?

A

Facilitate the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus, help protect mRNA from degradation by hydrologic enzymes, help ribosomes attached to 5’ end of mRNA

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13
Q

Non-coding segments of nucleic acid

A

Introns

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14
Q

Coding DNA segments

A

Exons

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15
Q

Small nucleoproteins made up of RNA and protein molecules

A

snRNP

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16
Q

Interact with certain sites along the intron, releasing it and it rapidly degrades, joining 2 exons that flanked the intron

A

Spliceosomes

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17
Q

RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme

A

Ribozymes

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18
Q

Carries genetic material to protein synthesis site

A

mRNA

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19
Q

Carries amino acids to growing polypeptide

A

tRNA

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20
Q

Makes up ribosomes

A

rRNA

21
Q

Nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a complementary codon

A

Anticodon

22
Q

How many different aminoacyl-tRNA are there?

A

20

23
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site

A

A site

24
Q

Peptidyl-tRNA binding site

A

P site

25
Q

Exit site

A

E site

26
Q

What are the 3 stages of translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

27
Q

Protein shaped like aminoacyl-tRNA, binds directly to stop codon hydrolyzation

A

Release factor

28
Q

Group of ribosomes attached to and translating mRNA

A

Polyribosomes

29
Q

What are some of the things that will result in a final form functional protein?

A

Modifications of proteins, amino acids, removal or rearrangement of amino acids

30
Q

Change in a nucleotide sequence of DNA

A

Mutation

31
Q

Change in a single nucleotide

A

Point mutation

32
Q

Nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene

A

Frameshift mutation

33
Q

Amino acid changes into a codon resulting in a shorter and nonfunctional protein

A

Nonsense mutation

34
Q

Nucleotide pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

A

Missense mutation

35
Q

What are the 2 categories of mutagens?

A

Physical, chemical

36
Q

What are the actions of chemical mutagens?

A

Can change base pairs, interfere with DNA, pair incorrectly during replication

37
Q

RNA polymerase binds to DNA at promoter

A

Initiation

38
Q

RNA chain grows in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

Elongation

39
Q

Transcription proceeds until RNA polymerase so reaches a terminator site; RNA molecule is released

A

Termination

40
Q

Strings of ribosomes can work on the same mRNA site at the same time

A

Polysomes

41
Q

Help wrap DNA into a 3D shape

A

Chaparonin

42
Q

Type of mRNA first produced in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

pre mRNA

43
Q

Combines with proteins to make protein synthesis machinery (ribosomes)

A

rRNA

44
Q

Contains the codon sequence that is edited in eukaryotes before translation

A

mRNA

45
Q

Contains the anticodon sequence that brings the correct amino acid into the ribosome

A

tRNA

46
Q

Charges up tRNA’s by adding the correct amino acid

A

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

47
Q

Amino acid polymer by ribosomes during translation

A

Polypeptide

48
Q

Genetic code has more than one sequence that could code for the same amino acid

A

Redundant, not ambiguous

AP Biology (25 decks)

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