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AP Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 roles of cell division?

A

Developing, renewing, genetics

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2
Q

The life of a cell from the time it’s first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into 2 daughter cells

A

Cell cycle

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3
Q

A cell’s genetic information

A

Genome

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

A

46

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5
Q

Name 2 types of somatic cells

A

Any cells in body except reproductive cells

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6
Q

Reproductive cells

A

Gamete

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7
Q

Name 2 types of gametes

A

Sperm, eggs

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8
Q

How many chromosomes are present in a human gamete?

A

23

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9
Q

Entire DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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10
Q

Cellular structure carrying genetic material

A

Chromosome

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11
Q

One of the 2 identical joined copies of the original chromosome

A

Chromatid

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12
Q

Region containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

A

Centromere

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13
Q

Division of genetic material in the nucleus

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

Division of cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

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15
Q

Division of sex cells

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

First part of interphase, if there is no signal then cell stops dividing

A

G1

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17
Q

Chromosomes duplicate

A

S

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18
Q

Cell makes organelles and molecules needed for division

A

G2

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19
Q

Includes mitosis and cytokinesis

A

M

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20
Q

What are the components of the mitotic spindle?

A

Microtubules and associated proteins

21
Q

Structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere

A

Kinetichore

22
Q

Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus, chromosomes cannot be seen

A

Interphase

23
Q

Nucleoli disappear, chromosomes condense, centrosomes move away from each other

A

Prophase

24
Q

Centrosomes are at opposite poles, chromosome convene in the middle

A

Metaphase

25
Q

Each of the 2 chromatids have a kinetichore, nuclear envelope fragments

A

Prometaphase

26
Q

Nucleoli reappear, chromosomes become less condensed, 2 daughter nuclei form

A

Cytokinesis, telophase

27
Q

Shortest phase of mitosis, sister chromatids part ways

A

Anaphase

28
Q

Microtubules that don’t attach to kinetochores

A

Nonkinetochore microtubules

29
Q

At which end to kinetochore microtubules shorten during anaphase?

A

As they move poleward

30
Q

Describe cytokinesis in a plant cell

A

Golgi body moves along microtubules to the middle of the cell where they coalesce forming a cell plate

31
Q

Describe cytokinesis in an animal cell

A

Actin microfilaments interact with myosin molecules causing the ring to contract and separate

32
Q

Cell grows double its size then divides

A

Binary fission

33
Q

What controls the cell cycle?

A

Specific signaling molecules present in cytoplasm

34
Q

A control point where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle

A

Cell cycle checkpoint

35
Q

The cell is in a non-dividing phase

A

G0

36
Q

Enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylation

A

Protein kinase

37
Q

What does MPF trigger?

A

Cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope

38
Q

Proteins released by cells that stimulate other cells to divide

A

Growth factors

39
Q

Crowded cells stop dividing

A

Density-dependent inhibition

40
Q

To divide, they must be attached to a substratum

A

Anchorage dependence

41
Q

Process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell

A

Transformation

42
Q

Spread of cancer cells to other locations

A

Metastasis

43
Q

Cancer that doesn’t spread due to lack of genetic material

A

Benign

44
Q

Cancer that spreads to other organs and impairs them

A

Malignant

45
Q

What are the 2 cancer treatments?

A

High energy radiation, chemotheraphy

46
Q

Checks for cell size, growth factor, and environment

A

G1 checkpoint

47
Q

Checks to see if DNA replication is complete, DNA mutation or damage, cell size, density dependent

A

G2 checkpoint

48
Q

Checks to see if chromosomes are appropriately attached to spindles before anaphase happens

A

M checkpoint

AP Biology (25 decks)

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