Chapter 12 Flashcards
What are the 3 roles of cell division?
Developing, renewing, genetics
The life of a cell from the time it’s first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into 2 daughter cells
Cell cycle
A cell’s genetic information
Genome
How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?
46
Name 2 types of somatic cells
Any cells in body except reproductive cells
Reproductive cells
Gamete
Name 2 types of gametes
Sperm, eggs
How many chromosomes are present in a human gamete?
23
Entire DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes
Chromatin
Cellular structure carrying genetic material
Chromosome
One of the 2 identical joined copies of the original chromosome
Chromatid
Region containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid
Centromere
Division of genetic material in the nucleus
Mitosis
Division of cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
Division of sex cells
Meiosis
First part of interphase, if there is no signal then cell stops dividing
G1
Chromosomes duplicate
S
Cell makes organelles and molecules needed for division
G2
Includes mitosis and cytokinesis
M
What are the components of the mitotic spindle?
Microtubules and associated proteins
Structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere
Kinetichore
Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus, chromosomes cannot be seen
Interphase
Nucleoli disappear, chromosomes condense, centrosomes move away from each other
Prophase
Centrosomes are at opposite poles, chromosome convene in the middle
Metaphase
Each of the 2 chromatids have a kinetichore, nuclear envelope fragments
Prometaphase
Nucleoli reappear, chromosomes become less condensed, 2 daughter nuclei form
Cytokinesis, telophase
Shortest phase of mitosis, sister chromatids part ways
Anaphase
Microtubules that don’t attach to kinetochores
Nonkinetochore microtubules
At which end to kinetochore microtubules shorten during anaphase?
As they move poleward
Describe cytokinesis in a plant cell
Golgi body moves along microtubules to the middle of the cell where they coalesce forming a cell plate
Describe cytokinesis in an animal cell
Actin microfilaments interact with myosin molecules causing the ring to contract and separate
Cell grows double its size then divides
Binary fission
What controls the cell cycle?
Specific signaling molecules present in cytoplasm
A control point where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle
Cell cycle checkpoint
The cell is in a non-dividing phase
G0
Enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylation
Protein kinase
What does MPF trigger?
Cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope
Proteins released by cells that stimulate other cells to divide
Growth factors
Crowded cells stop dividing
Density-dependent inhibition
To divide, they must be attached to a substratum
Anchorage dependence
Process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell
Transformation
Spread of cancer cells to other locations
Metastasis
Cancer that doesn’t spread due to lack of genetic material
Benign
Cancer that spreads to other organs and impairs them
Malignant
What are the 2 cancer treatments?
High energy radiation, chemotheraphy
Checks for cell size, growth factor, and environment
G1 checkpoint
Checks to see if DNA replication is complete, DNA mutation or damage, cell size, density dependent
G2 checkpoint
Checks to see if chromosomes are appropriately attached to spindles before anaphase happens
M checkpoint
