Chapter 11

Question 1

A received signal is converted to a specific cellular response in a series of steps

Answer 1

Signal transduction pathway

Question 2

Signaling molecules sensed by bacteria allows them to monitor the local density of cells

Answer 2

Quorum sensing

Question 3

Discharges a regulator in extracellular fluid

Answer 3

Paracrine

Question 4

Cell surface transmembrane

Answer 4

G protein-coupled receptor

Question 5

Binds energy rich molecule GTP

Answer 5

G protein

Question 6

Makes the G protein inactive

Answer 6

GDP

Question 7

What activates a G protein?

Answer 7

When a signaling molecules binds to the receptor

Question 8

Why are GTPase enzymes important?

Answer 8

Hydrolyzes GTP to GDP causing the G protein to be inactivated and be reused again

Question 9

Catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substarate protein

Answer 9

Kinase enzyme

Question 10

How does tyrosine kinase function?

Answer 10

Attach phosphates to tyrosine

Question 11

What is the difference between receptor tyrosine kinases and G protein-coupled receptors

Answer 11

Tyrosine kinases trigger many pathway while G-proteins receptors do not

Question 12

Control what genes are transcribed into mRNA in a particular cell

Answer 12

Transcription factors

Question 13

Transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

Answer 13

Protein kinase

Question 14

Remove phosphate groups from proteins

Answer 14

Protein phosphatases

Question 15

Ligand binding to membrane receptors

Answer 15

1st messenger

Question 16

Water soluble molecules that spread through the cell by diffusion

Answer 16

2nd messenger

Question 17

what is the role of cAMP?

Answer 17

Activates another protein

Question 18

What is the important relationship between the second messenger and protein kinase A?

Answer 18

cAMP activates kinase A which leads to cellular responses

Question 19

When cell signaling causes a nuclear response, what normally happens?

Answer 19

Specific genes are turned on or off

Question 20

Large relay proteins that several other proteins are attached to it

Answer 20

Scaffolding proteins

Question 21

The dying cell leaks out its contents; death of a cell

Answer 21

Apoptosis

Question 22

Chemical message binds to a protein on the cell surface

Answer 22

Reception

Question 23

Binding of the ligand to the receptor, stars a cascade of reactions

Answer 23

Transduction

Question 24

What kinds of responses do cells have?

Answer 24

Turning on/off genes, activating enzymes, rearranging cytoskeleton

Question 25

What are the 3 types of receptors?

Answer 25

G-protein coupled, tyrosine kinase, ion gated channels

Question 26

What are the 2 types of 2nd messenger?

Answer 26

Calcium, cAMP