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AP Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 classes of large molecules for all living things?

A

Carbs, proteins, nucleic acid, lipids

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2
Q

Giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules

A

Macromolecules

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3
Q

Long molecule consisting of smaller molecules

A

Polymer

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4
Q

Building blocks of polymers

A

Monomer

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5
Q

Monomers are connected in what type of reaction?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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6
Q

2 molecules become covalently bonded together with the removal of a water molecule

A

Dehydration reaction

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7
Q

Bond between 2 monomers is broken by an addition of a water molecule

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

Polymers are converted to monomers in what type of reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

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9
Q

What are the monomers for all carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

Lipids are linked together by what bond?

A

Ester bonds

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11
Q

Carbohydrates are linked together by what bond?

A

Glycosidic linkages

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12
Q

Carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton

A

Ketone

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13
Q

Carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton

A

Aldehyde

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14
Q

What makes maltose?

A

Glucose + glucose

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15
Q

What makes sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose

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16
Q

What makes lactose?

A

Glucose + galactose

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17
Q

Covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

A

Glycosidic linkage

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18
Q

What are examples of storage polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen

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19
Q

What are examples of structural polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose, chitin

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20
Q

Storage polysaccharaide produced by vertebrates that is stored in the liver

A

Glycogen

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21
Q

What makes up a lipid?

A

3 fatty acids and glycerol

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22
Q

Has all hydrogen bonds in a lipid

A

Saturated

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23
Q

Name 2 saturated fats

A

Oil and plant fat

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24
Q

Name an unsaturated fat

A

Butter

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25
Q

Has a double bond in a lipid

A

Unsaturated

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26
Q

What is the function of fat?

A

Energy storage, cushions vital organs, body insulation

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27
Q

Unsaturated fat formed artificially during the hydrogenation of oils

A

Trans fat

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28
Q

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

A

Receptor proteins

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29
Q

Supports (ex: keratin)

A

Structural proteins

30
Q

What are other examples of steroids?

A

Cholesterol, vertebrate sex hormone

31
Q

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

A

Enzymatic protein

32
Q

Storage of amino acids

A

Storage protein

33
Q

Coordination of activities

A

Hormonal protein

34
Q

Movement

A

Contractile and motor protein

35
Q

Protects against diseases

A

Defensive protein

36
Q

Transport of substances

A

Transport protein

37
Q

Covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group

A

Peptide bond

38
Q

Polymer of amino acid subunits connected in a specific sequence; chain of many amino acids

A

Polypeptide

39
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structures?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

40
Q

Protein loses its shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions

A

Denature

41
Q

Information storage (nucleic acid)

A

DNA

42
Q

Protein synthesis

A

RNA

43
Q

Energy transfer

A

ATP and ADP

44
Q

Adenine and guanine

A

Purine

45
Q

Cytosine and thymine

A

Pyrimidines

46
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Phosphate group and nitrogenous base

47
Q

What macromolecule always contain sulfur?

A

Nucleic acid

48
Q

What macromolecule always contain nitrogen?

A

Protein

49
Q

Organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; serves as the monomers of polypeptides

A

Amino Acid

50
Q

Having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

A

Amphipathic

51
Q

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (dissacharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

A

Carbohydrate

52
Q

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by dehydration synthesis

A

Disaccharide

53
Q

Carboxylic acide with a long carbon chain

A

Fatty acid

54
Q

Method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as a inhibitor of an enzyme within that enzyme

A

Feedback inhibition

55
Q

Atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons

A

Ion

56
Q

A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic)

A

Metabolic pathway

57
Q

Simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharide

58
Q

Accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process

A

Negative feedback

59
Q

Serves as a blueprint for proteins and for all cellular activities

A

Nucleic Acid

60
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, ribose sugar

61
Q

Covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group of the other, formed by dehydration synthesis

A

Peptide bonds

62
Q

An end product of a process speeds up that process

A

Positive feedback

63
Q

Consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure

A

Protein

64
Q

Lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

A

Triglyceride

65
Q

What are some examples of quaternary protein structures?

A

Collagen, hemoglobin

66
Q

Protein that has a long fiber shape

A

Fibrous protein

67
Q

Protein that has a spherical shape

A

Globular protein

68
Q

What is an example of a fibrous protein?

A

Actin, collagen

69
Q

What is an example of a globular protein?

A

Hemoglobin

70
Q

Lipids with a carbon skeleton with four fused rings and a small ACYL tail

A

Steroid

71
Q

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

72
Q

What makes up a nucleoside?

A

Nitrogenous base and sugar

AP Biology (25 decks)

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