Chapter 1 and 51 Flashcards
Actions carried out by muscles in response to a stimulus
Behavior
Study of evolution and ecological basis for animal behavior
Behavioral ecology
Sequence of unlearned act directly linked to a stimulus
Fixed action pattern
What is an example of fixed action pattern?
Sicklebacks react to other males with red bellies and also reacted aggressively to red things
Regular, long distance change in location
Migration
Mechanism to maintain an 24 hour cycle; tells us when to sleep
Circadian clocks
What are 2 ways birds navigate to migrate?
Earth’s magnetic fields and solar/celestial cues
Chemical substances used to communicate with other animals by the means of defense or attracting mates
Pheromones
Behavior you are born with
Innate
Behavior you develop through experiences
Learned behavior
What are some ways animals communicate?
Orienting, tapping, release of chemicals, etc.
Learning a long lasting behavioral response at a specific point in life
Imprinting
Limited developmental stage where imprinting occurs
Critical period
The animal remembers where things are based on the environment’s structure
Spatial learning
A stimulus associated with an outcome
Classical learning
Learning from trial and error
Operant conditioning
Process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement
Cognition
Activities an animal uses to search for, recognize, and capture food
Foraging
Natural selection should favor a foraging behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizing benefits
Optimal foraging theory
No strong pair bond during mating
Promiscuity
Mates remain together for a long time
Monogamy
Having more than 1 mate
Polygamy
Males mates with many females
Polygyny
Female mates with many males
Polyandry
What are 2 factors that are important in determining the evolution of these mating systems?
Needs of the young and certainty to paternity
Individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain a mate
Sexual selection
Individuals who are choose of their mate
Intersexual selection
Direct competition among individuals of 1 sex
Intrasexual selection
Aggressive/ submissive behavior
Agnostic behavior
The gene that controls the courtship behavior of animals
Fru gene
Behavior that reduces an animal’s individual fitness but increases the fitness of others in a population
Altruism
What is the advantage of altruistic behavior?
If the parents sacrifice themselves to save the offspring, it maximizes gene representation
Favors altruistic behaviors by enhancing reproductive success of relatives
Kin selection
Altruistic behavior that occurs between unrelated individuals
Reciprocal Selection
What are the 7 properties of life?
Order, evolutionary adaptation, regulation, energy processing, growth and development, reproduction, response to environment.
New properties that arise with each step upward as something grows in life
Emergent properties
What is an example of emergent properties?
Lead and diamonds may be bother made out of carbon but they look different because of the molecular structure
Consists of all life on earth and all places where life exists
Biosphere
Consists of all living/nonliving things in a specific area
Ecosystem
Entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
Community
All individuals of a species living in a specific area
Population
Individual living things
Organism
Body part(s) that carries out a particular role(s) in the body
Organ/Organ system
Fundamental unit of structure and function
Cells
A group of cells that work together
Tissue
Functional components present in cells
Organelles
Chemical structure made up of 2 or more atoms
Molecules
Single celled organisms
Prokaryotic
Multicellular organisms
Eukaryotic
What do eukaryotes include?
Animals and plants
What do prokaryotes include?
Archaea and Bacteria
Cell’s genetic material
DNA
Units of inheritance that transmit info from parent to offspring
Genes
Genetic instructions that an organism inherits
Genome
Decrease rate of production
Negative feedback
Increase rate of production
Positive feedback
What’re the levels of organization in order?
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
The population varies with traits, species adapt to the environment, competition is inevitable
Natural selection
There must be something that can prove an idea is not true through observation and experimentation
Falsifiable
The study of animal behavior
Ethology
The process of animals positioning themselves with respect to spatial features of their environment
Orientation
Turning of an animal’s body in response to a stimulus
Taxis
Random turning of movement of an animal to a stimulus
Kinesis
Mechanism that enables the organism to show a certain type of behavior
Proximate Cause
Why and how did the behavior come to be; long term
Ultimate Cause
