Chapter 26 Flashcards
Evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species
Phylogeny
Discipline that focuses on classifying organisms and their evolutionary relationships
Systematics
What are the tools of systematics?
Fossils, morphology, genes, molecular evidence
Ordered division of organisms non to categories based on a set of characteristics
Taxonomy
Two part naming system
Binomial nomenclature
What the species belongs to
Genus
Within the genus
Species
What 2 parts make up binomial nomenclature?
Genus and species
Who developed binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is the hierarchical classification beginning with the most general to inclusive?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Diagrams that depict hypotheses about evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic trees
Similarities due to shared ancestry
Homologous structures
2 organisms developed similarities as they adapted to similar environmental challenges, not common ancestry
Convergent evolution
Likenesses that result from convergent evolution
Analogous structures
What is an example of analogous structures?
Butterflies and bats have wings but share no common ancestry
Uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships
Molecular systematics
Depicts patterns of shared characteristics among taxa and forms
Cladogram
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants on a phylogenetic tree
Clade
Consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
Monophyletic group
Consists of ancestral species and some of its descendants but not all of them
Paraphyletic
The common ancestor of its members is not part of the group
Polyphyletic
What is an example of a shared derived characteristic?
Hair among mammals
What is an example of a shared ancestral characteristics
Backbones among vertebrates
Methods used to measure the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of the genome appear to evolve at constant rates
Molecular clocks
What makes up the 3 domain system?
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Why are eukaryotes and archaea closely related?
Archaea has similar metabolic pathways and both produce ATP
Kingdom that is made obsolete by the 3 domain system because members would be in 2 domains
Monera
What is the role of horizontal gene transfer?
Transfer from one genome to another through plasmid exchange, viral activity, and fusions of different organisms
Easiest possible solution
Parsimony
