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chapter two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by chemical reactions

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3
Q

atoms

A

smallest units of elements
- not tiniest particle

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4
Q

molecule

A

2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds (usually covalent)

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5
Q

compound

A

2+ different atoms held together by chemical bonds in a fixed ratio
- compounds are molecules

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6
Q

how many elements are essential for life?

A
  • 20-25% of 92 natural elements
  • 25 elements for humans
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7
Q

96% of living material is composed of what elements?

A

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen

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8
Q

trace elements

A

elements that are required by an organism in minute quantities
- ex. iron, iodine, manganese

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9
Q

3 subatomic particles

A

proton, neutron, electron

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10
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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11
Q

mass number

A

protons + neutrons

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12
Q

atomic mass

A

unrounded neutrons, protons, electrons
- average for all natural isotopes of element

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13
Q

isotope

A

same number of protons, different number of neutrons

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14
Q

radioactive isotope

A

isotope where nucleus decays spontaneously and emits energy and particles

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15
Q

useful application of radioactive isotope

A

PET scans detects location of intense chemical activity

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16
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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17
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location and structure

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18
Q

valence shell

A

outermost electron shell

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19
Q

electron orbitals

A

3d space where electron found 90% of time

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20
Q

chemical bonds

A

attractions that keep atoms together

21
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of an atom for an electron of a covalent bond

22
Q

periodic table atoms on the left

A

have lower electronegativity
- lose e, become cation
- Na, Mg

23
Q

periodic table atoms on the right

A

have higher electronegativity
- gain e, become anion
- Cl, F

24
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing of electrons

25
Q

single bond

A

1 pair of electrons shared

26
Q

double bond

A

2 pairs of electrons shared

27
Q

ex of structural formula

A

H-H

28
Q

ex of molecular formula

A

H(2), C(6)H(12)O(11)

29
Q

valence

A

bonding capacity
- number of electrons required to complete valence shell

30
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A
  • true covalent bond
  • equal sharing of electrons
  • H-Hp
31
Q

when is outer shell full?

A

8 electrons

32
Q

when is innermost shell full?

A

2 electrons

33
Q

where are polar covalent bonds in relation to water molecules?

A

within

34
Q

polar covalent bond

A

electrons not shared equally

35
Q

ionic bond

A

electrons transferred between atoms
- cations/anions formed

36
Q

where do ionic bonds happen?

A

between elements that have unequal attractions for valence electrons

37
Q

ion

A

charged atom as result of ionic bond

38
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

39
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

40
Q

ionic compounds/salts

A

compounds formed by ionic bonds
- NaCl sodium chloride
- MgCl(2) magnesium chloride

41
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak bond between hydrogen (covalently bonded to EN atom) and another EN atom (of 2nd molecule, usually O/N)

42
Q

Vand der Waals interactions

A

ever-changing regions of +/- charge enable atoms and molecules to stick together
- only when close

43
Q

strength of bonds from strongest to weakest

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der waals

44
Q

function of the molecule is related to what?

A

shape or size

45
Q

chemical reactions

A

making and breaking bonds that leads to a change in composition of matter

46
Q

reactant

A

starting materials

47
Q

product

A

ending molecules

48
Q
A

Biology (35 decks)

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