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Biology > chapter nine part one > Flashcards

chapter nine part one Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

location of glycolysis

A
  • euk - cytosol
  • prok - cytosol
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2
Q

location of pyruvate oxidation

A
  • euk - mitochondrial matrix
  • prok - cytosol
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3
Q

location of Krebs cycle

A
  • euk - mitochondrial matrix
  • prok - cytosol
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4
Q

location of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • euk - inner mitochondrial membrane
  • prok - plasma membrane
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5
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms

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6
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis/building of complex molecules

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7
Q

fermentation

A

catabolic process where there is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel w/o the use of oxygen
- glycolysis + additional step to recycle NAD+
- produces ATP less efficiently

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8
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

most efficient catabolic pathway where oxygen is being consumed as reactant along w/ organic fuel
- takes place in mitochondria

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9
Q

balanced equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP

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10
Q

free bond energy change

A

breakdown of fuel
- exergonic
- -7.3 kcal/mol

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11
Q

photosynthesis and chemical coupling

A
  • light energy generates organic molecules and O2 used in cellular respiration
  • respiration breaks down fuel using O2
  • generates ATP and produces CO2 and H2O as waste
  • CO2 and H2O raw materials for photosynthesis
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12
Q

oxidation

A

loss of e- from one substance

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13
Q

reduction (redox) reaction

A

transfer of 1+ e- from 1 reactant to another
- addition of e- to another substance

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14
Q

reducing agent

A

electron donor

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15
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron acceptor

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16
Q

stepwise energy harvest

A

cellular respiration doesn’t oxidize organic fuel in single explosive step, instead fuel broken down in series of steps each catalyzed by enzyme

17
Q

NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - coenzyme suited as electron cycle, can cycle easily between oxidized (NAD)+ and reduced (NADH) form

18
Q

how does NAD+ –> NADH + H+ work

A
  • enzymes remove pair of H toms from substrate to oxidize it
  • enzyme delivers 2 electrons w/ 1 proton to coenzyme NAD+ to form NADH
  • other proton released into solution
19
Q

electron transport chain

A

consists of # of molecules (mostly proteins) built into inner membrane of mitochondria to provide several energy-releasing steps to break fall of electrons

20
Q

where does NADH shuttle electrons to?

A

higher end of chain
- lower energy end has O2 and captures H+ to form water

21
Q

steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
    - pyruvate molecules converted to CoA
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)
22
Q

glycolysis

A

process in cytosol that breaks glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
- sugar splitting

23
Q

conversion of pyruvate to CoA

A

pyruvate enters mitochondria and is oxidized to acetyl CoA, which leads to citric acid cycle

24
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

smaller amount of ATP formed directly in some glycolysis and citric acid cycle
- occurs when enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate to ADP other than adding inorganic P group to ADP

25
Q

Krebs cycle

A

where acetyl CoA is oxidized to form CO2 and coenzymes are reduced, which generates ETC

26
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

ETS + chemiosmosis (harness H+ gradient to power ATP synthase)
- harnesses reduction of O to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in form of ATP
- powered by redox reactions of ETC

27
Q

energy input needed for glycolysis

A

2 ATP

28
Q

produced during glycolysis

A
  • 2 net ATP (4 ATP - 2ATP)
  • 2 pyruvate molecules
  • 2 NADH
  • water molecules
29
Q

2 phases of glycolsyis

A
  1. investment phase - ATP used, series of transformations
  2. payoff phase - ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons related from oxidation of glucose
30
Q

what happens when pyruvate enters the mitochondria via a transport protein?

A
  1. CO2 produced
  2. oxidation occurs to form one NADH (H+)
  3. acetate molecule to which coenzyme A is attached forms 2-C acetyl CoA

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