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Biology > chapter seven > Flashcards

chapter seven Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function of plasma membrane

A
  • protects cell from external environment
  • mediates cellular transport
  • transmits cellular signals
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2
Q

selective permeability

A

controlled flow of substances in/out of the cell
- some cross more easily than others

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3
Q

staple ingredients of membranes

A

lipids and proteins

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4
Q

phospholipid bilayers

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
- 2 phospholipids held together by hydrophobic interactions

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5
Q

amphipathic molecules

A

both polar and nonpolar

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6
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid layer of phospholipids

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7
Q

evidence for fluid nature of membrane

A
  1. cell fusion (hybrid cell)
  2. movement of proteins
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8
Q

cell fusion (hybrid cell)

A

mouse and human cells fused, proteins on membranes mixed laterally

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9
Q

movement of proteins

A
  • shifts laterally (sideways)
  • slower than lipid movement because larger
  • many proteins immobile by attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
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10
Q

flip flops

A

lipid can switch from 1 phospholipid layer to another
- need flippers/floppers
- phospholipids can’t do on own

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11
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

double bonds (kinked tails) prevent packing and enhance fluidity

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12
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

hydrocarbon tails pack together and decrease fluidity

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13
Q

cholesterol

A

effects membrane fluidity
- fluidity buffer - resists change
- high temp - membrane less fluid by restraining phospholipid movement
- lowers temp required for membrane to solidify

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14
Q

2 types of membrane proteins

A

integral and peripheral

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15
Q

integral proteins

A

penetrate hydrophobic interior of lipid bilayer
- includes transmembrane proteins (span membrane)
- hydrophobic regions consist of 1+ stretches of nonpolar amino acids coiled in a helices

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16
Q

peripheral proteins

A

not embedded in lipid bilayer, loosely bound to surface

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17
Q

ECM

A

non-cellular componente of tissues and organs
- contains macromolecules

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18
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A
  • transport
  • enzymatic activity
  • signal transduction
  • cell-cell recognition
  • intracellular joining
  • attachment to cytoskeleton/ECM
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19
Q

what does cell-cell recognition require?

A

one protein to be a glycoprotein

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20
Q

importance of cell recognition

A

sorting of cells/tissues in embryo, rejection of foreign cells

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21
Q

molecule structure of cell recognition

A

cells bind to molecules (often containing carbohydrates) on ec surface

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22
Q

glycolipids

A

carbohydrates bonded covalently to lipids

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23
Q

glycoproteins

A

carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins

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24
Q

what substances pass by “free” diffusion (passive)

A
  • gases
  • small greasy molecules (steroids, non polar substances, hormones)
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25
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion that requires no energy and travels down the concentration gradient
- gradient represents potential energy

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26
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles of any substance so they spread out into available space

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27
Q

net movement

A

more movement in one direction, down concentration gradient for passive diffusion

28
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of free water across selectively permeable membrane (artificial/cellular)

29
Q

salt sucks

A

solute (salt) will “suck” water towards it

30
Q

3 types of tonicity

A

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

31
Q

hypertonic

A

concentration outside of cell greater so water leaves cell
- cell shrivels and becomes crenated

32
Q

hypotonic

A

concentration inside of cell is greater, so water enters cell
- cell swells and bursts

33
Q

isotonic

A

no net movement of water across membrane, same rate both directions

34
Q

osmoregulation

A

control of solute concentrations and water balance

35
Q

types of osmoregulation states

A

turgid, flaccid, plasmolyzed

36
Q

turgid

A
  • very firm, healthy state for plants
  • cell swells w/ water by cell wall exerts pressure back (turgor pressure)
37
Q

flaccid

A
  • when plant cells are isotonic
  • no water enters (limp)
38
Q

plasmolysis

A

if cell is in hypertonic environment, water lost to environment causes PM to pull away from cell wall

39
Q

plasmolyzed

A

shrunken plant cell membrane, inward/away from cell wall

40
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

polar molecules and ions diffuse with the help of transport proteins

41
Q

what are transport proteins specific for?

A

the substances they move

42
Q

2 types of proteins in facilitated diffusion

A
  1. channel proteins
  2. carrier proteins
43
Q

channel proteins

A

have hydrophilic channel that certain molecules/ions use as tunnel through membrane
- ion channels
- some function as gated channels in response to stimuli
- aquoporins

44
Q

aquaporins

A

function to pass water molecules through membrane in certain cells

45
Q

carrier proteins

A

hold on to passengers and change shape in way that shuttles them across membrane

46
Q

active transport

A

pumping a solute across a membrane against the concentration gradient, uses energy from ATP hydrolysis
- carrier proteins

47
Q

why is active transport necessary?

A

enables cell to maintain internal concentration of small solutes that differ from environment concentrations

48
Q

how does ATP activate active transport?

A

transfers terminal phosphate group to transport protein

49
Q

ex. of active transport

A

sodium-potassium pum, ion pump w. hydrogen ion concentration, cotransport

50
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

exchanges Na+ for K+ across PM of animal cells

51
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage across membrane
- inside of cell compared to outside

52
Q

ion pump that uses hydrogen ion concentration

A

electrogenic pump that transports protons (H+) out of cell and transfers + charge from cytoplasm to ec solution

53
Q

electrogenic pump

A

transport protein that generates voltage across membrane

54
Q

cotransport (H+ and sugar)

A
  • transport protein couples downhill diffusion to uphill
  • transport of 2nd substance against own concentration gradient
  • (plant cell) gradient of H+ generated by ATP-powered protein pumps drive active transport of amino acids and sugars into cell
55
Q

2 types of bulk transport

A

exocytosis and endocytosis

56
Q

exocytosis

A

cell secretes certain molecules by fusion of vesicles with PM

57
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. pinocytosis
  3. receptor-mediated endocytosis
58
Q

endocytosis

A

cell takes in molecules by forming vesicles w/ PM

59
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfs/eats particle by extending pseudopodia around its and packaging it in food vacuole

60
Q

pinocytosis

A

gulps/drinks droplets of ec fluid, vesicles (tiny) formed by infolding of PM

61
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

special type of pinocytosis that enables cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances even if substances are concentrated in ec fluid

62
Q

oligosaccharide

A

short chain

63
Q

difference between cytoplasm and cytosol

A
  • cytoplasm - includes organelles except nucleus
  • cytosol - just the liquid
64
Q

is bulk transport active or passive?

A

active

65
Q

what is a Na/K pump also called?

A

Na/K ATPase

Biology (35 decks)

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