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Biology > chapter seventeen part two > Flashcards

chapter seventeen part two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where does translation occur

A

ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

how is mRNA read during translation?

A

5’ to 3’

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3
Q

how are amino acids synthesized during translation? (direction)

A

N to C
(amino to carboxyl group)

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4
Q

where is the amino acid attached on tRNA

A

3’ end

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5
Q

how many total codons are there?

A

64
- 61 code for 20 amino acids

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6
Q

codon

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides
- complementary to template strand

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7
Q

universal (almost) codes

A

start - AUG
stop - UAA, UGA, UAG

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8
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

A

match tRNA and amino acid
- charge tRNA

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9
Q

4 steps of translation

A
  1. charging
  2. initiation
  3. elongation
  4. termination
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10
Q
  1. charging
A
  • tRNA joined to respective amino acid
  • tRNA has anticodon that matches the codon on mRNA
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11
Q
  1. initiation
A
  • ribose assembles and reads mRNA 5’ to 3’
  • ribosome reads AUG (start)
  • tRNA w/ met into P site
  • anticodon on tRNA matches mRNA codon
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12
Q
  1. elongation
A
  • next codon read
  • tRNA w/ AA into A site
  • met cut from its tRNA and attached to AA in A site (peptide bond forms)
  • uncharged tRNA released from ribosome to get recharged w/ met
  • next codon read
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13
Q
  1. termination
A
  • ribosome reads stop codon
  • releasing factor causes addition of water molecule instead of AA to chain, breaks bond between completed polyps and tRNA in P site
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14
Q

co-transcriptional translation

A

transcription and translation occur at same time
- prokaryotes: lack of compartmental organization

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15
Q

polyribosomes

A

strings of ribosomes working on 1 strand of mRNA
- prok or euk

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16
Q

mutations

A

change in genetic material of cell
- ultimate source of new genes

17
Q

base pair substitutions

A
  1. silent
  2. missense
  3. nonsense
18
Q

silent base pair substitution

A

no phenotypic change, partly due to 2 different codons translating into same amino acid

19
Q

missense base pair substitution

A

change 1 AA in sequence
- little effect on protein but dramatic phenotypic effect
- sickle cell

20
Q

nonsense base pair substitution

A

change 1 AA to stop codon
- translation terminated prematurely, shorter polypeptide

21
Q

insertion or deletion

A

addition or losses of nucleotides
- results in frameshift

22
Q

frameshift

A

alters reading frame and triplet grouping of nucleotides on mRNA strand
- when insertion/deletion not a multiple of 3

23
Q

missense downstream

A

wrong AA

24
Q

early nonsense

A

stop at wrong spot

25
Q

base insertion/deletion in multiple of 3

A

no frameshift, but AA added or missing

26
Q

causes of mutations

A
  1. unknown/spontaneous
  2. mutagen
27
Q

mutagen

A

physical/chemical agents that cause mutations
- radiation (ultraviolet)
- chemical (incorrectly paired nucleotides)
- virus

28
Q

gene editing with CRIPSR

A
  • altering genes in specific, predictable way
  • Cas9
29
Q

Cas9

A

nuclease that cuts double-stranded DNA molecules
- helps defend bacteria against viruses
- works with guide RNA made from CRIPSR region of bacterial genome
- cuts both strands of DNA complementary to guide RNA to trigger DNA repair system

30
Q

what does guide RNA do?

A

guides Cas9 protein to target gene

31
Q

positive potential of CRIPSR

A

repair gene that has harmful mutation, possible cure for genetic diseases

32
Q

negative potential of CRIPSR

A

misapplication and ethics

33
Q

peptide transferase

A

cuts covalent bond of AA and tRNA in P site
- attaches carboxyl end to amino end of AA attached to tRNA in A site

34
Q

ribozyme

A

peptides transferase + RNA

35
Q

DNA poly in prokaryotes

A

I - R&R
II - repair processes
III - most replication

36
Q

DNA poly in eukaryotes

A

alpha and delta

37
Q

RNA poly in prokaryotes

A

core enzyme
holo enzyme (core + sigma factor)
- sigma factor has dif types that aid in promoter selection

38
Q

RNA poly in eukaryotes

A

I - rRNA
II - protein genes (hnRNA to mRNA)
III - tRNA, some other small RNAs

39
Q

polyadenylation signal in transcription

A

first recognized by endonuclease
- cuts 12 nuts downstream
- poly-A polymerase adds 150-200 As

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