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Biology > chapter six part two > Flashcards

chapter six part two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do ribosomes know where to go?

A

free/bound depending on mRNA it translates

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2
Q

what cells are mitochondrion present in

A

nearly all eukaryotes

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3
Q

components of mitochondria

A
  1. cellular respiration
  2. intermembrane space
  3. matrix
  4. cristae
  5. DNA
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4
Q

cellular respiration

A

metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats, and fuels
- everything behind glycolysis (cytosol) occurs in mito.

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5
Q

intermembrane space

A

narrow region between inner/outer membrane

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6
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

enclosed by inner membrane
- different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes
- Krebs cycle

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7
Q

membrane of mitochondira

A

phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

cristae of mitochondria

A

inholdings on inner membrane (rough/convoluted)
- increased surface area for electron transport chains and ATP synthesis

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9
Q

mitochondrial DNA

A

circular double-stranded DNA

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10
Q

where are chloroplasts found

A

plants/some algae (protists)
- site of photosynthesis (sunlight to chemical energy)

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11
Q

components of chloroplast

A
  1. stroma
  2. thylakoid space
  3. thylakoid membranes
  4. geranium
  5. amyloplasts
  6. chromoplasts
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12
Q

stroma

A

fluid outside thylakoids
- contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, enzymes

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13
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment in chloroplasts

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14
Q

thylakoid space

A

the space within a thylakoid

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15
Q

thylakoid membranes

A

membrane system in form of flattened/interconnected sacs

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16
Q

granum

A

stacks of thylakoids

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17
Q

light photosynthetic reactions

A
  • take place when there is light
  • in thylakoid membranes
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18
Q

dark photosynthetic reactions

A
  • just need products from light photosynthesis
  • in stroma
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19
Q

amyloplasts

A

colorless organelle that store starch (amylose) in roots/tubes

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20
Q

chromoplasts

A

contains pigments that give fruit/flowers colored hues

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21
Q

plastid

A

family of closely related plant organelles
- amyloplasts and chromoplasts

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22
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

origin of chloroplasts mitochondria
- early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non photosynthetic cell

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23
Q

evidence for endosymbiont theory

A
  1. have 2 membranes
  2. contain ribosomes and DNA
  3. autonomous in cell
24
Q

peroxisomes

A

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by single membrane that contains enzymes to remove H and transfer it to O(2), producing H(2)O(2), enzyme converts this to water

25
Q

roles of cytoskeleton

A

mechanical support to cell, maintains shape, motility (movement)

26
Q

motor proteins

A

proteins required for cell motility

27
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton

A
  1. microtubules
  2. microfilaments
  3. intermediate filaments
28
Q

types of cytoskeleton from largest to smallest

A

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

29
Q

microtubules

A

hollow tubes
- cell shape, motility, chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements, centrioles, cilia/flagellum

30
Q

microfilaments

A

2 intertwined strands of actin
- cell shape (changes/maintenance), muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming (plants), motility, division (animal)

31
Q

intermediate filaments

A

fibrous protein coiled in cables
- cell shape, anchorage of nucleus/organelles, forms nuclear lamina

32
Q

centrosomes

A

where microtubules grow from
- near nucleus
- separation of chromosomes during division
- contain centrioles

33
Q

centrioles

A

9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in ring

34
Q

structure of cilia and flagella

A

specialized arrangement of microtubules anchored in basal body

35
Q

differences between cilia and flagella

A

cilia - large numbers on cell surface, power/recovery strokes
flagellum - 1/few per cell, longer/undulating motion

36
Q

dynein

A

cross-linking/walking
- large motor protein
- walk along microtubules of adjacent doublet and use ATP energy
- doublets held in place by cross-linking

37
Q

myosin motor activity

A

actin/thicker filaments made of myosin (protein) interact to cause contraction of muscle cells
(microfilaments)

38
Q

pseudopodia

A

cellular extensions used to help a cell crawl along a surface
(microfilaments)

39
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
(microfilaments)

40
Q

microvilli

A

bundles of microfilaments that create delicate projections to increase surface area for absorption

41
Q

intermediate filaments specialization

A

bearing tension
- only found in some animal cells
- more permanent

42
Q

function of plant cell wall

A

protects, maintains shape, prevents excessive uptake of water

43
Q

components of plant cell wall

A
  • microfibrils made of cellulose
  • other polysaccharide and proteins
  • primary cell wall - young cells, thin/flexible
  • middle lamella - layer between walls w/ pectins
  • secondary cell wall
44
Q

extracellular matrix components

A

collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectins, integrins

45
Q

collagen

A

strong fibers outside of cells

46
Q

proteogylcans

A

network w/ embedded collagens secreted by cells

47
Q

fibronectins

A

attach cells to matrix (glycoproteins)

48
Q

integrins

A

cell surface receptor proteins

49
Q

intracellular junctions in plants

A

plasmodesmata

50
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels that connect cells

51
Q

intracellular junctions in animals

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

52
Q

tight junctions

A

plasma membranes tightly pressed against each other bound by proteins

53
Q

desmosomes

A

anchorage, rivets fasten cells into sheets

54
Q

gap junctions

A

channels between cells taht have direct transfer of ions and small molecules

55
Q

middle of flagella and cilia structure

A

“9 + 2”
- 9 doublets of microtubules
- 2 - central pair of tubules

56
Q

base of cilia and flagella

A

‘9+0’
- nonmotile

Biology (35 decks)

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