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Biology > chapter twelve/thirteen > Flashcards

chapter twelve/thirteen Flashcards

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1
Q

regulatory molecules of mitosis

A

protein kinases and cyclins

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2
Q

checkpoints of mitosis

A
  1. G1
  2. M
  3. metaphase/anaphase
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3
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

restriction point, allows completion of G1, S, G2, M, and division phases

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4
Q

M checkpoint

A

between G2/M, checks for damaged/unreplicated DNA

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5
Q

metaphase/anaphase checkpoint

A

checks spindle attachment and tension

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6
Q

protein kinases

A

activate/inactivate other proteins by phsophorylating them

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7
Q

cyclins

A

protein that has cyclic fluctuating concentration in the cell
- attaches to kinase, cyclin-dependent kinases

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8
Q

G0 phase

A

non dividing state, if G1 checkpoint doesn’t receive “go-ahead” signal

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9
Q

external regulators of mitosis

A

growth factors, mitogen

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10
Q

growth factors

A
  1. epidermal
  2. fibroblast
  3. platelet-derived
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11
Q

growth factors

A

protein released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

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12
Q

PDGF

A

required for division of cultured fibroblasts to heal wound, made by platelets

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13
Q

mitogen

A

small protein that induces cell to begin or enhance rate of division

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14
Q

cancer cells…

A

divide indefinitely/excessively, don’t depend on growth factors/normal signals

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15
Q

transformation

A

conversion of cells in culture to divide like cancer cells
- give new characteristics

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16
Q

tumor

A

mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue

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17
Q

benign

A

tumor that remains at original site if their genetic/cellular changes don’t allow them to move or survive at another site

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18
Q

malignant

A

tumor that becomes transformed, spreads to new tissues and impairs function of 1+ organs, near capillaries for nutrition and spread

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19
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancer cells to locations distant from the original site
- enter blood/lymph vessels and travel throughout body

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20
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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21
Q

variation

A

no multicellular organisms completely identical (most of time)

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22
Q

genetics

A

study of both heredity and inherited variation

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23
Q

genes

A

hereditary units (coded information)

24
Q

DNA

A

polymer of 4 dif nucleotides that contains genetic program

25
Q

locus

A

gene’s specific location along the length of a chromosome

26
Q

asexual reproduction

A

single individual is sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to offspring w/o fusion of gametes
- creates clones
- differences come from mutations

27
Q

sexual reproduction

A

2 parents produce offspring w/ unique combinations of genes inherited from parents
- 2 gametes
- variation

28
Q

karyotype

A

display of chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size/shape

29
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

2 chromosomes of a pair that have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern

30
Q

sex chromosomes

A

X/Y chromosomes that determine sex
- female - XX (homologous)
- male - XY (heterologous)

31
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

32
Q

somatic cells (diploid)

A
  • 2 sets of 23 chromosomes (2n=46)
  • even when DNA duplicated, cell still considered diploid
  • 44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes
33
Q

gametes (haploid)

A
  • 23 chromosomes (n)
  • transmit genes down generations
  • 22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome
34
Q

fertilization (zygotę)

A

resulting fertilized egg (diploid)
- union of gametes culminating in fusion of nuclei

35
Q

where do gametes develop from

A

germ cells in gonads

36
Q

meoisis

A

cell division that reduces number of sets of chromosomes from 2 in parent cell to 1 in each gamete

37
Q

sexual life cycle

A

n to fertilization to 2n (mitosis/development) to meiosis to n

38
Q

tetrads

A

2 homologous chromsomes in synpasis

39
Q

what do you have at the end of meiosis 1

A

haploid number of chromosomes

40
Q

why does meiosis 2 occur

A

to get the right amount of DNA

41
Q

prophase I

A
  • synapsis, crossing over, synaptonemal complex, tetrad, chiasma
  • spindle fibers form
  • chromosomes condense
  • nucleolus disappears
  • centrosome movement
42
Q

synapsis

A

2 homologs joined together by synaptonemal complex

43
Q

crossing over

A

each chromosome pairs w/ homolog, DNA molecules of NONSISTER chromatids are broken by proteins + rejoined to each other

44
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

zipper-like protein complex that attaches 1 homolog to the other, includes enzymes for crossovers

45
Q

metaphase I

A

alignment of homologous chromosomes (tetrads) on metaphase plate
- 46 chromosomes
- 23 tetrads
- 92 sister chromatids

46
Q

chiasma

A

X-shaped region in homologous pair where crossovers have occured

47
Q

anaphase I

A

breakdown of proteins responsible for sister chromatid cohesion, homologs separate and move to opposite poles
- 92 chromatids

48
Q

telophase I/cytokinesis

A

each resulting cell has complete haploid set of duplicated chromsomes

49
Q

what does not occur between meiosis I and II?

A

DNA replication

50
Q

second meiotic division

A
  1. prophase II
  2. metaphase II
  3. anaphase II
  4. telophase II/cytokinesis
51
Q

mitosis overview

A
  • identical cells/chromosomes
  • genetic constancy
  • variation by mutation
  • 2N -> 2N
  • somatic cells
  • 2 cells produced
  • 1 division sequence
52
Q

meiosis overview

A
  • different cells/chromosomes
  • genetic variety
  • vacation by mutation/recomb
  • 2N -> N
  • gametes
  • 4 cells produced
  • 2 division sequences
53
Q

what leads to genetic variation in gametes?

A

independent assortment, crossing over, which sperm fertilizes which egg

54
Q

independent assortment of chromosomes

A
  • random orientation of pairs of homologous/ind chromosomes
  • metaphase I
55
Q

recombinant chromosomes

A
  • crossing over (1-3 crossovers per pair)
  • ind chromosomes that carry genes from 2 dif parents
56
Q

how many different diploid combinations are there?

A

70 trillion

Biology (35 decks)

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