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Biology > chapter ten part one > Flashcards

chapter ten part one Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 types of organisms

A

heterotrophs and autotrophs

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

“self-feeders”
- sustain themselves w/o eating anything
- producers - ultimate source of organic molecules

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3
Q

heterotrophs

A

unable to make own food, live on compounds produced by other organisms
- consumers - herbivores, carnivores, decomposers (fungi/prokaryotes)

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4
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment that gives leaves color
- in thylakoid membranes

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5
Q

mesophyll

A

tissue in interior of leaf
- 30-40 chloroplasts per mesophyll cell
- thylakoid

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6
Q

thylakoid

A

membranous sacs
- grana - columns of thylakoids

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7
Q

stomata

A

microscopic pores typically on underside of leaf where CO2 enters and O2 leaves

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8
Q

photosynthesis balanced equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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9
Q

who tested splitting of water?

A

Van Noel by substituting S for O
- challenged the false theory that O2 came from CO2 rather than H2O

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10
Q

process of light reactions

A
  1. chlorophyll absorbs a photon, and the electron becomes very excited
  2. a water molecule is split, providing source of electrons and giving off O2
  3. excited electrons fall down ETC (PSII, Pq, Cato, Pc, PSI, NADP+ final electron acceptor)
  4. NADP+ becomes reduced to NADPH
  5. as energy is released by ETC, H+ ions accumulate in lumen
  6. H+ gradient used to power ATP synthase, (photophorylation)
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11
Q

photophorylation

A

excited electron fall down chain, energy released pumps H+ ions into lumen, which drive ATP synthase

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12
Q

what does light reaction produce?

A

O2, NADPH, ATP

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13
Q

what does the Calvin Cycle need?

A

CO2, NADPH, ATP

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14
Q

overview of Calvin Cycle

A

CO2 from air incorporated into organic molecules by carbon fixation, NADPH reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrate

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15
Q

where does the light reaction occur?

A

thylakoid membrane

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16
Q

where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

stroma

17
Q

sunlight

A

electromagnetic energy that travels in waves from the sun

18
Q

wavelength of visible light

A

380-750 nm

19
Q

photons

A

act like objects/particles w/ fixed quantities of energy

20
Q

pigments

A

absorb visible light

21
Q

what light does chlorophyll absorbs?

A

red and blue, reflects green

22
Q

spectrophotometer

A

measurement of ability of pigments to absorb various wavelengths of light

23
Q

2 spectrums of spectrophotometer

A

absorption spectrum and action spectrum

24
Q

absorption spectrum

A

graph plotting pigment’s light absorption vs. wavelength

25
Q

action spectrum

A

profiles relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation and confirms visible light spectrum of chlorophyll
- illuminates chlorophyll, then plots wavelength against photosynthetic rate

26
Q

chlorophyll a

A

key light-capturing pigment that participates directly in light reactions

27
Q

chlorophyll b

A

accessory pigment to chlorophyll a

28
Q

carotenoids

A

separate group of accessory pigments
- hydrocarbons that are various shades of yellow/orange, absorb violet/blue-green light
- broaden color spectrum of photosynthesis

29
Q

how do carotenoids broaden the color spectrum of photosynthesis?

A
  1. absorb/dissipate excessive light energy that would damage chlorophyll
  2. interact w/ O2 to form reactive oxidative molecules
30
Q

reaction center and light center

A

look on paper

31
Q

excitation of chlorophyll

A

absorbing photon boosts electron to orbital of higher energy, pigment molecule in excited state
- drops back, emits photon and heat (fluorescence)

32
Q

fluorescence

A

afterglow where protons are given off

33
Q

Photosystem I

A
  • P700
  • absorbs light w/ wavelength of 700 nm (far red)
  • comes second
34
Q

Photosystem II

A
  • P680
  • absorbs light w/ wavelength of 680 nm (red)
  • chlorophyll a at reaction center
  • comes first
35
Q

difference between PSI and PSII

A
  • identical chlorophyll a molecules
  • associate w/ different proteins which affects electron distribution and light absorption
36
Q

noncyclic electron flow

A
  1. PSII absorbs light
  2. electrons taken from water - O2 produced
  3. electrons more from PII to PI via carriers
  4. ATP made as electrons move to PI (chemiosmosis)
  5. 2nd absorption of light in PI raises e to higher level
  6. ferredoxin (Fd) carries electron to NADP_
37
Q

ferredoxin (Fd)

A

protein that carries electron to NADP+ in ETC

38
Q

carriers that move electrons from PII to PI

A
  • plastoquinione (Pq)
  • cytochromes
  • Plastocyanin (Pc)

Biology (35 decks)

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