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Biology > chapter twenty/twenty-one > Flashcards

chapter twenty/twenty-one Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organismal cloning

A

producing one or more multicellular organisms from single cells

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2
Q

stem cell

A

an unspecialized cell that can renew itself and produce cells that differentiate into specialized cells of 1+ types

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3
Q

totipotent

A

a stem cell that can give rise to all cells of an organism and extra embryonic tissue layers
- only totipotent = zygote

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4
Q

pluripotent

A

a stem cell that can give rise to most cells of an organism

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5
Q

multipotent

A

a stem cell that can give rise to several different cells
- ex. hemotopoietic stem cell gives rise to all types of blood cells

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6
Q

early experiments of cloning plants

A
  • 1950s, carrot plants
  • differentiated adult plant cells can “dedifferentiate” and then give rise to all types of plant cells
  • useful in agriculture
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7
Q

for plants, differentiation doesn’t involve irreversible change in the _____

A

DNA

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8
Q

what did animal cloning experiments show

A

that nuclear potential tends to be restricted more as development/differentiation progresses

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9
Q

is DNA differentiation reversible in animals?

A

no

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10
Q

animal cloning examples

A
  • 1997 - Dolly the cloned sheep
    • involved special treatment of donor nucleus
  • CC the cat
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11
Q

issues with animal cloning

A

have health issues like diabetes, arthritis, premature death, liver issues

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12
Q

human cloning?

A

clone human embryos for production of stem cells to treat disease
- replacement pancreas cells to cure diabetes
- replacement brain cells to cure Alzheimers, Parkinson’s
- replacement bone marrow cels to cure immune system diseases (Lupus, SCID)

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13
Q

embryonic stem cells

A
  • can divide indefinitely in culture
  • can differentiate into all embryonic cell types
  • pluripotent
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14
Q

adult stem cells

A
  • variety of types
  • each has limited variety of cell types into which it can differentiate into
  • multipotent
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15
Q

iPS (induced pluripotent stem cells)

A

induced extra, cloned copies of regulatory genes and deprogrammed the cells
- return cells to undifferentiated state (deprogram), then reprogram
- shows great promise
- 2007 - first using mouse skin cells

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16
Q

applications of DNA technology

A
  1. medicine
    - diagnosis/treatment
    - gene therapy/replacement
  2. pharmaceuticals
    - GEMs
    - pharmaceutical factories
  3. forensics
  4. agriculture
  5. environmental cleanup
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17
Q

diagnosis/treatment

A
  • can detect presence of pathogens in blood/tissue samples
  • can identify disease genes before symptoms show up (hemophilia, cystic fibrosis)
  • can identify carriers of disease alleles
  • predict likelihood that certain type of cancer will occur
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18
Q

gene therapy

A

introduction of genes into an afflicted ind. for therapeutic purposes
- immunodeficiency disease like SCID
- possible problems

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19
Q

SCID

A

“bubble boy” disease - deficiency of B-cells and T-cells
- susceptible to any infection

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20
Q

possible problems of gene therapy

A

where is the gene inserted in the genome, side effects, ethical issues

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21
Q

GEMs

A

genetically engineered microbes
- produce rare/expensive human hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.

22
Q

ex. of GEM

A

insulin, interferon, somatostatin, TPA

23
Q

insulin

A
  • treats some types of diabetes
  • beef or pork early source, but many had allergies
  • Humulin - brand name of first insulin
24
Q

interferon

A
  • useful for antiviral therapeutics (viral infections)
25
Q

somatostatin

A

growth hormone
- 500,000 sheep brains yield 5 mg
- 2 gallons GEM yields 5 mg

26
Q

TPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator
- helps dissolve blood clots, use immediately after a heart attack

27
Q

pharmaceutical factories

A

“pharm” animal production of large quantities of protein products
- transgenic animal produces molecule of interest in milk

28
Q

what do forensic analyses use?

A
  • STRs (short tandem repeats) - highly variable from person to person
  • RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphism)
  • usually use 12-13 STR loci
  • use PCR to amplify small amounts of DNA
29
Q

agriculture

A
  1. no waiting for artificial selection or selective breeding
  2. salt/drought/pest resistant
  3. transgenic rice w/ gene for beta-carotene to stimulate vitamin A synthesis
  4. transgenic animals
30
Q

salt/drought/pest resistant plants

A
  • round-up ready soybeans - resistant to round up
  • Bt-corn (bacillus thurigenris) - engineered to express a gene from a bacterium that makes the corn resistant to insects
31
Q

environmental cleanup

A

GEMs to clean up oil, toxins, etc.

32
Q

problems with DNA technology

A
  1. escape/misuse/abuse
  2. playing God
  3. balance between research/regulation
33
Q

eugenics

A

the study of agencies that may improve the genetics of the human population

34
Q

genomics

A

study of whole sets of genes and their interactions

35
Q

bioinformatics

A

application of computational methods to store and analyze biological data

36
Q

Human Genome Project

A
  • sequencing of human genome
  • started 1990, finished 2003
37
Q

linkage map

A

map of genes on chromosome
- farther apart genes are, more crossing over that occurs
- recombination units - centiMorgans

38
Q

recombination frequencies are used to determine …

A

relative map distance

39
Q

what does a physical map express the distance between genes as?

A

fragments and where they map

40
Q

automated sequencing machines

A

can obtain complete nucleotide sequences of every chromosome

41
Q

Whole Genome Shotgun

A
  • developed by Craig Venter 1992
  • skips gene/DNA mapping
  • uses powerful computer programs to assemble overlapping short sequences into single continuous sequence
42
Q

metagenomics

A

DNA from entire community of a species is collected from an environmental sample and sequenced

43
Q

centralized resources of bioinformatics

A
  • National Center for Biotechnology Information - est. by NIH and Nat’l Library of Medicine
  • GenBank - NCBI database of sequences
  • software programs allow searches and alignments
44
Q

proteomics

A

systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties
- looking at gene circuits and protein interaction networks

45
Q

Cancer Genome Atlas project

A

identify common mutations and genes of cancer

46
Q

silicon chips

A

analyze gene expression patterns of 1000s of genes at same time in patients who have various diseases/cancers

47
Q

relationship between number of gene/proteins and complexity of eukaryotic organism

A

no relationship

48
Q

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have more base pairs?

A

eukaryotes

49
Q

why can vertebrate genomes produce more than one polypeptide per gene?

A

alternative splicing

50
Q

gene density

A

how many genes in given length of DNA
- mammals have low gd

Biology (35 decks)

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