chapter four Flashcards
what are properties of organic molecules dependent on?
arrangement of carbon skeleton and chemical groups attached to skeleton
how much of cells are water
70-95%
what do cells have a lot of?
proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
organic chemistry
study of organic compounds
- contain carbon
major elements in cells
SPONCH
- sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen
structure of carbon
- total of 6 electrons, 4 valence electrons
- tetrahedral bonds
- carbon skeletons
tetrahedral bonds
carbon has 4 attachments
carbon skeletons
carbon chains that form basis of organic molecules
hydrocarbons
hydrogen + carbon
isomers
atoms with the same formula but different structures
- yields different properties
3 types of isomers
- structural
- geometric
- enantiomers
structural isomers
differ in covalent arrangement of atoms
geometric isomers
(cis-trans)
- differ in spatial arrangements of atoms
- inflexibility of double bonds
enantiomers
mirror images (have at least 1 asymmetric carbon)
functional groups
chemical groups directly involved in chemical reactions
hydroxyl characteristics
- polar due to EN O, hydrogen bonds with water
- compound name: alcohol
carbonyl characteristics
- sugars (ketoses/aldoses)
- compound name: ketone (within skeleton) and aldehyde (end of skeleton
carboxyl characteristics
- acid, donate hydrogen ion
- compound name: carboxylic acid or organic acid
amino characteristics
- base, picks up hydrogen ions
- compound name: amine
sulfhydryl characteristics
- 2 create protein cross-link
- compound name: thiol
phosphate characteristics
- negative charge at end
- reacts w/ water to release energy
- compound name: organic phosphate
methyl characteristics
- genes/hormones
- compound name: methylated compound
hydroxyl structure
—- OH
carbonyl structure
> C=O
carboxyl structure
—-COOH
amino structure
—-NH(2)
sulfhydryl structure
—-SH
phosphate structure
–OPO(3)^2-
methyl structure
—CH(3)
adenosine triphosphate
- organic molecule (adenosine) attached to 3 phosphate groups
- stores potential to react with water and other molecules
- stores energy
what functional groups can be found in ATP?
organic phosphate
hydroxyl
amine
what functional group do aminos need besides amines?
carboxyl
