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chapter four Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are properties of organic molecules dependent on?

A

arrangement of carbon skeleton and chemical groups attached to skeleton

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2
Q

how much of cells are water

A

70-95%

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3
Q

what do cells have a lot of?

A

proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates

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4
Q

organic chemistry

A

study of organic compounds
- contain carbon

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5
Q

major elements in cells

A

SPONCH
- sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen

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6
Q

structure of carbon

A
  • total of 6 electrons, 4 valence electrons
  • tetrahedral bonds
  • carbon skeletons
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7
Q

tetrahedral bonds

A

carbon has 4 attachments

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8
Q

carbon skeletons

A

carbon chains that form basis of organic molecules

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9
Q

hydrocarbons

A

hydrogen + carbon

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10
Q

isomers

A

atoms with the same formula but different structures
- yields different properties

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11
Q

3 types of isomers

A
  1. structural
  2. geometric
  3. enantiomers
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12
Q

structural isomers

A

differ in covalent arrangement of atoms

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13
Q

geometric isomers

A

(cis-trans)
- differ in spatial arrangements of atoms
- inflexibility of double bonds

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14
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror images (have at least 1 asymmetric carbon)

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15
Q

functional groups

A

chemical groups directly involved in chemical reactions

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16
Q

hydroxyl characteristics

A
  • polar due to EN O, hydrogen bonds with water
  • compound name: alcohol
17
Q

carbonyl characteristics

A
  • sugars (ketoses/aldoses)
  • compound name: ketone (within skeleton) and aldehyde (end of skeleton
18
Q

carboxyl characteristics

A
  • acid, donate hydrogen ion
  • compound name: carboxylic acid or organic acid
19
Q

amino characteristics

A
  • base, picks up hydrogen ions
  • compound name: amine
20
Q

sulfhydryl characteristics

A
  • 2 create protein cross-link
  • compound name: thiol
21
Q

phosphate characteristics

A
  • negative charge at end
  • reacts w/ water to release energy
  • compound name: organic phosphate
22
Q

methyl characteristics

A
  • genes/hormones
  • compound name: methylated compound
23
Q

hydroxyl structure

A

—- OH

24
Q

carbonyl structure

A

> C=O

25
Q

carboxyl structure

A

—-COOH

26
Q

amino structure

A

—-NH(2)

27
Q

sulfhydryl structure

A

—-SH

28
Q

phosphate structure

A

–OPO(3)^2-

29
Q

methyl structure

A

—CH(3)

30
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A
  • organic molecule (adenosine) attached to 3 phosphate groups
  • stores potential to react with water and other molecules
  • stores energy
31
Q

what functional groups can be found in ATP?

A

organic phosphate
hydroxyl
amine

32
Q

what functional group do aminos need besides amines?

A

carboxyl

Biology (35 decks)

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