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Biology > chapter eight part one > Flashcards

chapter eight part one Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

metabolic pathway

A

where a specific molecule is altered in a series of define steps, resulting in a certain product
- each step catalyzed by certain enzyme

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3
Q

catabolic pathways

A

degradative process (breakdown)
- ex. cellular respiration

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4
Q

anabolic pathways

A

building complex molecules (biosynthetic)
- ex. synthesis of protein from amino acids

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5
Q

bioenergetics

A

the study of how energy flows through living organisms

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6
Q

energy sources

A

ATP, gradient, sunlight, reduced molecule energy (glucose)

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7
Q

why ATP?

A
  • same amount of energy as other nucleotides
  • God gave it
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8
Q

types of energy

A

kinetic, heat/thermal, potential, chemical

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9
Q

energy

A

capacity to cause change

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10
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with relative motion of objects

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11
Q

heat/thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of molecules

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12
Q

heat

A

thermal energy in transfer from one object to another

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13
Q

potential energy

A

energy possessed because of location and structure

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14
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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15
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformations that occur in a collection

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16
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy can be transferred and transformed, not created or destroyed
- energy is constant

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17
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy transfer increases entropy

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18
Q

entropy

A

measure of disorder and randomness

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19
Q

free energy

A

energy that is available for work (G)

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20
Q

equation for free energy

A

delta G = delta H - T(delta S)
- total energy minus disorder

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21
Q

delta G

A

change in free energy (Gibbs)

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22
Q

T

A

absolute temperature (K)

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23
Q

delta S

A

change in system’s entropy

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24
Q

delta H

A

change in system’s enthalpy (total energy)

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25
Q

does free energy increase or decrease in a spontaneous process?

A

decrease

26
Q

spontaneous process

A

energetically favorable, occurs without input of energy

27
Q

a highly ordered system is

A

unstable

28
Q

in a spontaneous reaction, delta G has a _______ value

A

negative (decrease in free energy)

29
Q

at equilibrium, delta G =

A

0 (no net change in system)

30
Q

exergonic reaction

A

releases energy
- G is negative
- occur spontaneously

31
Q

endergonic reaction

A

needs energy
- G is positive
- non spontaneous

32
Q

metabolic disequilibrium

A

defining feature of life, organisms never at equilibrium

33
Q

cell is dead at

A

metabolic equilibrium

34
Q

what does breaking bonds require?

A

energy

35
Q

if chemical process is exergonic, then reverse process is

A

endergonic

36
Q

3 types of cellular work

A
  1. chemical
  2. transport
  3. mechanical
37
Q

chemical cellular work

A

pushing of endergonic reactions, synthesis of polymers from monomers

38
Q

transport cellular work

A

pumping of substances across membranes against direction of spontaneous movement

39
Q

mechanical cellular work

A

beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of chromosomes

40
Q

energy coupling

A

use of exergonic process to drive endergonic one
- ATP driven

41
Q

ATP composition

A

ribose + adenine + 3 phosphate groups

42
Q

hydrolysis

A

addition of water molecule to break terminal phosphate bond
- ATP to ADP
- exergonic reaction, releases 7.3 kcal/mol hydrolyzed

43
Q

kcal/mol

A

delta G = 7.3 kcal/mol (standard conditions for ATP)

44
Q

ATP + H20 =

A

ADP + Pi + energy
(inorganic phosphate)

45
Q

where does regeneration of ATP occur?

A

mitochondria

46
Q

phosphorylation of ADP

A

additionally of phosphate to ADP
- energy comes from catabolism (exergonic) in cell

47
Q

catalyst

A

chemical agent that speeds up reactions without being consumed

48
Q

enzymes

A

macromolecule that acts as a catalyst

49
Q

activation energy

A

initial energy of investment for starting a reaction
- contort reactant molecules so bonds break

50
Q

what can an enzyme not change?

A

delta G for reaction or make endergonic reaction exergonic

51
Q

substrate

A

reactant an enzyme acts on

52
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

when enzyme binds to substrate
- while bound, substrate converted to product

53
Q

active site

A

allows binding of substrate

54
Q

induced fit

A

active site clasps to substrate

55
Q

what type of bonds connect the substrate and enzyme?

A

hydrogen and ionic

56
Q

how catalysis occurs in enzyme’s active site

A
  • R groups of amino acids catalyze conversion of substrate to product
    1. substrate fits into active site
    2. substances held by weak interactions
    3. E(A) lowered, reaction speeds up
    4. substrates converted to products and released
57
Q

factors on enzyme activity

A

temperature, pH, cofactors, coenzymes

58
Q

temperature and enzymes

A

rate of reaction increases w/ increasing temperature up to point, above that hydrogen/ionic bonds disrupted and enzyme denatures

59
Q

pH and enzymes

A

6-8, but some exceptions

60
Q

cofactors

A

non-protein helpers of catalytic activity
- inorganic (metal ions)

61
Q

coenzyme

A

organic molecule that helps catalytic activity

62
Q

when can an endergonic reaction be spontaneous?

A

when it is coupled with an exergonic reaction

Biology (35 decks)

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