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Biology > chapter six part one > Flashcards

chapter six part one Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

components of microscopy

A

visible light, magnification, resolution, wavelength, contrast

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2
Q

light

A

light passed through specimen then through glass lenses

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3
Q

magnification

A

ratio of object’s image size to real size

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4
Q

resolution

A

measure of clarity of image, ability to see 2 distinct things

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5
Q

wavelength

A

light/electrons

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6
Q

contrast

A

difference in brightness between light/dark areas

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7
Q

stain

A

cell components stand out, can be distinguished

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8
Q

condenser

A

below stage, focuses light on specimen

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9
Q

when was microscopy first invented?

A

1590

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10
Q

Robert Hooke and cells

A
  • 1665
  • dead cells of oak bark
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11
Q

2 types of electron microscopes

A

transmission and scanning

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12
Q

electron microscope

A

focuses beam of electrons through specimen and on surface

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13
Q

TEM

A

internal structure (organelles), specimen stained

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14
Q

organelles

A

membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cell

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15
Q

SEM

A
  • detailed study of topography
  • gold on surface, electrons excited, translated to pattern on screen
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16
Q

cell fractionation

A

takes cells apart, separates major organelles and structures
- centrifuges

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17
Q

centrifuges

A

holds mixtures of disrupted cells at different speeds, components settle in bottom of tube

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18
Q

2 types of cells

A

prokaryota and eukaryota

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19
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • domain bacteria and archaea
  • DNA in nucleoid (no membrane)
  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • smaller
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20
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • domain eukarya
  • DNA in nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • larger
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21
Q

similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

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22
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • eukaryotic - region between nucleus and plasma membrane, suspends organelles
  • prokaryotic - regions surrounded by proteins
23
Q

why are cells so small

A

surface vs. volume

24
Q

surface vs. volume

A

as the cell increases in size, surface area grows less than volume
- not enough membrane to sustain transport

25
Q

diffusion

A

movement of substances down concentration gradient (high to low)

26
Q

membrane structure

A

hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails, proteins embedded, carbohydrate side chains, cholesterol

27
Q

animal cells

A

plasma membrane, flagellum, microvilli

28
Q

plant cells

A

cell wall, plasmodesmata, choloroplast

29
Q

nucleus

A

contains most of genes
- some in mitochondria and chloroplasts

30
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses nucleus and separates contents from cytoplasm
- double membrane (lipid bilayer), pore structures

31
Q

what is nuclear side of nuclear envelope lined by?

A

nuclear lamina - netlike array of protein filaments that maintain shape of nucleus

32
Q

nuclear pores

A

in envelope, lined by pore complex (protein that regulates entry/exit of proteins, RNAs, molecules)

33
Q

nuclear matrix

A

framework of protein fibers extending throughout nuclear interior

34
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

35
Q

chromosomes

A

structures that carry genetic information
- human: 46 in nucleus, sex 23
- form loops when preparing to divide

36
Q

nucleolus

A

small dense structure in nucleus
- ribosomal RNA synthesized from genes in DNA
- proteins from cytoplasm assembled w rRNA

37
Q

ribosome function

A

carry out protein synthesis

38
Q

what are ribosomes made out of

A

ribosomal RNA and proteins

39
Q

why are ribosome not organelles

A

they are non membrane-bound

40
Q

free ribosomes

A

suspended in cytosol

41
Q

bound ribosomes

A

attached to outside of endoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

extensive network of membranous tubules and sacs (cisternae)

43
Q

cisternal space

A

internal compartment (ER lumen)

44
Q

endomembrane system

A

membranes related through direct physical continuity and vesicle transfer

45
Q

rough ER

A

studded w ribosomes
- secrete proteins produced by ribosomes
- glycoproteins
- secrete transport vesicles

46
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins w/ carbohydrates

47
Q

smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes
- synthesis of lipids
- metabolism of carbohydrates
- detoxification of drugs/poisons
- storage of calcium ions

48
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

receives, sorts, and ships transport vesicles
- proteins modified/stored then sent to other destinations

49
Q

faces of Golgi apparatus

A

2 sides of stacks: cis and trans
- cis - toward ER, ER to golgi
- trans - opposite side, shipping

50
Q

lysosomes

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest and hydrolyzed molecules
- phagocytosis

51
Q

phagocytosis

A

amoebas/protists engulf/eat smaller organisms and particles

52
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi
- transports solutes

53
Q
A

Biology (35 decks)

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