Chapter/Packet 22

Question 1

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

Answer 1

also known as the Wabash Case, was a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control or impede interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Question 2

Interstate commerce act

Answer 2

a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be “reasonable and just,” but did not empower the government to fix specific rates.

Question 3

Vertical Integration

Answer 3

the combination in one firm of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate firms.

Question 4

Horizontal Intergation

Answer 4

a business strategy in which one company grows its operations at the same level in an industry.

Question 5

Standard Oil Company

Answer 5

was an American oil production, transportation, refining, and marketing company that operated from 1870 to 1911.

Question 6

Interlocking directorates

Answer 6

refers to the practice of members of a corporate board of directors serving on the boards of multiple corporations. A person that sits on multiple boards is known as a multiple director.

Question 7

Bessemer Process

Answer 7

was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron.

Question 8

Social Darwinist

Answer 8

believe in “survival of the fittest”—the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Social Darwinism has been used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality at various times over the past century and a half.

Question 9

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Answer 9

is a United States antitrust law which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce. It was passed by Congress and is named for Senator John Sherman, its principal author.

Question 10

National Labor Organization

Answer 10

a political-action movement that from 1866 to 1873 sought to improve working conditions through legislative reform rather than through collective bargaining.

Question 11

Knights of labor

Answer 11

a union founded in 1869. The Knights pressed for the eight-hour work day for laborers, and embraced a vision of a society in which workers, not capitalists, would own the industries in which they labored. The Knights also sought to end child labor and convict labor.

Question 12

Haymarket Square

Answer 12

also known as the Haymarket massacre, the Haymarket riot, the Haymarket Square riot, or the Haymarket Incident, was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

Question 13

American Federation of Labor

Answer 13

was a national federation of labor unions in the United States that continues today as the AFL–CIO. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions eager to provide mutual support and disappointed in the Knights of Labor.

Question 14

Closed Shops

Answer 14

a place of work where all employees must belong to an agreed trade union.

Question 15

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 15

was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865.

Question 16

Grover Cleveland

Answer 16

was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. Cleveland is the only president in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office.

Question 17

Transcontinental Railroad

Answer 17

North America’s first transcontinental railroad was a 1,911-mile continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Council Bluffs, Iowa, with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay.

Question 18

Union Pacific Railroad

Answer 18

legally Union Pacific Railroad Company and often called simply Union Pacific, is a freight-hauling railroad that operates 8,300 locomotives over 32,200 miles routes in 23 U.S. states west of Chicago and New Orleans.

Question 19

Central Pacific Railroad

Answer 19

was a rail company chartered by U.S. Congress in 1862 to build a railroad eastwards from Sacramento, California, to complete the western part of the “First transcontinental railroad” in North America.

Question 20

Leland Stanford

Answer 20

was an American industrialist and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 8th governor of California from 1862 to 1863 and represented California in the United States Senate from 1885 until his death in 1893.

Question 21

Collis P Huntington

Answer 21

American railroad magnate who promoted the Central Pacific Railroad’s extension across the West, making possible the first transcontinental railroad in 1869.

Question 22

James Hill

Answer 22

was a Canadian-American railroad director. He was the chief executive officer of a family of lines headed by the Great Northern Railway, which served a substantial area of the Upper Midwest, the northern Great Plains, and Pacific Northwest.

Question 23

Northern Pacific Railroad

Answer 23

played a pivotal role in the development of railroads in Seattle and in the Puget Sound region. The company’s decision to locate its Western terminus in Tacoma ignited Seattle’s indignation and brought the city together to form its own railroad company, the Seattle & Walla Walla.

Question 24

Atchison, Topeka

Answer 24

Cyrus K. Holliday envisioned a railroad that would run from Kansas to the Pacific, increasing the commerce and prosperity of the nation. With farsighted investors and shrewd management, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway grew from Holliday’s idea into a model of the modern, rapid, and efficient railroad.

Question 25

Santa Fe

Answer 25

In order to stimulate settlement on its Kansas lands, the Santa Fe railroad offered free or reduced rate transportation to potential buyers. Many settlers on railroad land, especially those from overseas, could bring all of their household goods at the company’s expense. The Santa Fe often furnished special cars.

Question 26

Santa Fe

Answer 26

In order to stimulate settlement on its Kansas lands, the Santa Fe railroad offered free or reduced rate transportation to potential buyers. Many settlers on railroad land, especially those from overseas, could bring all of their household goods at the company’s expense. The Santa Fe often furnished special cars.

Question 27

Southern Pacific

Answer 27

was an American Class I railroad network that existed from 1865 to 1996 and operated largely in the Western United States. The system was operated by various companies under the names Southern Pacific Railroad, Southern Pacific Company and Southern Pacific Transportation Company.

Question 28

Great Northern Railway

Answer 28

The railway helped promote legislation that established Glacier National Park in 1910. James J. Hill, president of the railroad, not only built a railroad, but he created an empire of towns and ranches along the tracks from St.

Question 29

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 29

American shipping and railroad magnate who acquired a personal fortune of more than $100 million.

Question 30

Pullman Palace Cars

Answer 30

Sleeping cars operated by the Pullman Palace Car Company solved a problem and influenced American taste for decades to come. To enable passengers to sleep comfortably, the railroads needed a car that could be easily converted from a coach to a dormitory.

Question 31

Times Zones

Answer 31

The expansion of transport and communication during the 19th century created a need for a unified time-keeping system, and time zones were introduced. The expansion of transport and communication during the 19th century created a need for a unified time-keeping system.

Question 32

William H. Vanderbilt

Answer 32

American railroad magnate and philanthropist who nearly doubled the Vanderbilt family fortune established and in large part bequeathed to him by his father, Cornelius

Question 33

Credit Mobiler

Answer 33

illegal manipulation of contracts by a construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad (1865–69); the incident established Crédit Mobilier of America as a symbol of post-Civil War corruption.

Question 34

Jay Gould

Answer 34

American railroad executive, financier, and speculator, an important railroad developer who was one of the most unscrupulous “robber barons” of 19th-century American capitalism.

Question 35

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 35

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. In 1877, he formed the Bell Telephone Company, and in the same year married Mabel Hubbard and embarked on a yearlong honeymoon in Europe.

Question 36

Thomas Alva Edison

Answer 36

One of the most famous and prolific inventors of all time, Thomas Alva Edison exerted a tremendous influence on modern life, contributing inventions such as the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera, as well as improving the telegraph and telephone.

Question 37

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 37

A generous philanthropist, he slashed the wages of the workers who made him rich. One of the captains of industry of 19th century America, Andrew Carnegie helped build the formidable American steel industry, a process that turned a poor young man into the richest man in the world.

Question 38

John Rockefeller

Answer 38

founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world’s wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio refinery.

Question 39

Pierpont Morgan

Answer 39

One of the most powerful bankers of his era, J.P. (John Pierpont) Morgan (1837-1913) financed railroads and helped organize U.S. Steel, General Electric and other major corporations.

Question 40

United States Steele corporation

Answer 40

an American integrated steel producer headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with production operations primarily in the United States of America and in Central Europe.

Question 41

Standard Oil Company of Ohio

Answer 41

was an American oil company, a successor of the original company established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller. It was established as “Standard Oil Company of Ohio” as one of the separate entities created after the 1911 breakup.

Question 42

Plutocracy

Answer 42

government by the wealthy.

Question 43

James Buchanan Duke

Answer 43

the first in tobacco and the second in hydroelectric generation. With his wealth, he became one of the greatest philanthropists in the history of the Carolinas, perhaps best known today as the patron of Duke University.

Question 44

Ironclad Oath

Answer 44

requiring civil servants and military officers to swear not only to future loyalty but also to affirm that they had never previously engaged in disloyal conduct.

Question 45

Yellow dog contracts

Answer 45

is an employment contract or agreement, either oral or in writing, that forbids employees from joining or continuing membership in any labor union as a condition for continuing or obtaining employment. These were made illegal under the Norris LaGuardia Act.

Question 46

Colored National Labor Union

Answer 46

was formed by African Americans to organize their labor collectively on a national level.

Question 47

Samuel Gompers

Answer 47

the founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Gifted at orating and assembling strikes, Gompers used them as effective weapons to change the degrading conditions of the working men of America.