Chapter 29 Flashcards
the triple wall of privilege”
President Wilson was determined to attack “the triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.
Underwood Tariff Bill
Wilson called a special meeting of Congress in 1913 to address the tariff. He convinced Congress to pass the Underwood Tariff Bill, which significantly reduced the tariff. The 16th Amendment was ratified in 1913. This enabled Congress to collect a graduated income tax.
Federal Reserve Act
n 1913, Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act. The new Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the President, oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional Federal Reserve banks.
Federal Reserve Notes
Each reserve bank was the central bank for its region. The final authority of the Federal Reserve Board guaranteed a substantial level of public control. The board could also issue paper money, called Federal Reserve Notes (the U.S. Dollar). Because of this, the amount of money in circulation could be increased as needed for the requirements of business.
Federal Reserve Board
The new Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the President, oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional Federal Reserve banks. Each reserve bank was the central bank for its region. The final authority of the Federal Reserve Board guaranteed a substantial level of public control.
Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914.
Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. This law created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which oversaw industries engaged in interstate commerce. This organization could issue cease-and-desist orders to companies engaged in unfair business tactics.
The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 lengthened the Sherman Act’s list of business practices that were deemed objectionable. It also sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution, while legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing. Union leader Samuel Gompers supported the act. lengthened the Sherman Act’s list of business practices that were deemed objectionable. It also sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution, while legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing. Union leader Samuel Gompers supported the act.
Samuel Gompers
The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 lengthened the Sherman Act’s list of business practices that were deemed objectionable. It also sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution, while legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing. Union leader Samuel Gompers supported the act. lengthened the Sherman Act’s list of business practices that were deemed objectionable. It also sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution, while legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing. Union leader Samuel Gompers supported the act.
The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916
The The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 made low-interest rate loans available to farmers made low-interest rate loans available to farmers
Warehouse Act of 1916
The Warehouse Act of 1916 enabled farmers to take out loans against the value of their staple crops, which were stored in government warehouses.
La Follette Seamen’s Act of 1915
The La Follette Seamen’s Act of 1915 benefited sailors by requiring decent treatment and a living wage on American ships.
Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916
President Wilson assisted the workers with the Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916, giving assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability.
child labor
Also in 1916, the President approved an act restricting child labor on products flowing into interstate commerce.
Adamson Act of 1916
The Adamson Act of 1916 established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce.
Louis D. Brandeis
Wilson nominated Louis D. Brandeis to the Supreme Court. He was a progressive reformer, and he was the first Jew to be a Supreme Court justice.
Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912
President Wilson was an anti-imperialist and he opposed an aggressive foreign policy.
He persuaded Congress in 1914 to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912, which had exempted American coastal shipping from tolls
Jones Act in 1916
President Wilson also signed the Jones Act in 1916, which granted the Philippines territorial status and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established.
Haiti in 1915
When political turmoil broke out in Haiti in 1915, Wilson dispatched marines to protect American lives and property.In 1916, he signed a treaty with Haiti that provided for U.S. supervision of finances and the police.
Mexican revolution
In 1913, a Mexican revolution occurred and the Mexican president was murdered and replaced by General Victoriano Huerta. He was a brutal dictator. Because of the chaos in Mexico, millions of Spanish-speaking immigrants came to America.
General Victoriano Huerta
In 1913, a Mexican revolution occurred and the Mexican president was murdered and replaced by General Victoriano Huerta. He was a brutal dictator. Because of the chaos in Mexico, millions of Spanish-speaking immigrants came to America.
Tampico Incident
President Wilson initially refused to directly intervene with the war in Mexico; he wanted the Mexican citizens to overthrow their government, themselves. After a small party of American sailors was accidentally captured by the Mexicans (Tampico Incident), Wilson ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of Vera Cruz.
Venustiano Carranza
Venustiano Carranza became the president of Mexico
Francisco Villa
Francisco Villa, rival to President Carranza, attempted to provoke a war between Mexico and the U.S by killing Americans.
General John J. Perishing
Wilson ordered General John J. Perishing to break up Villa’s band of outlaws. The invading American army was withdrawn from Mexico in 1917 as the threat of war with Germany loomed.
World War I
In 1914, World War I broke out when the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was murdered by a Serb patriot. An outraged Vienna government (backed by Germany) presented a series of demands to Serbia. Serbia (backed by Russia) refused to comply. Russia mobilized its army, causing Germany to also mobilize its army.
Central Powers
The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.
Allies
The Allies consisted of France, Britain, Russia, Japan, and Italy.
Kaiser Wilhelm II,
President Wilson issued the neutrality proclamation at the outbreak of WWI.
Most Americans were anti-German from the start of the war. Americans viewed Kaiser Wilhelm II, the leader of Germany, as the embodiment of arrogant autocracy. The majority of Americans were opposed to war.
U-boats
In 1915, several months after Germany started to use submarines in the war (U-boats), one of Germany’s submarines sunk the British ship, Lusitania, killing 128 Americans.
Lusitania
In 1915, several months after Germany started to use submarines in the war (U-boats), one of Germany’s submarines sunk the British ship, Lusitania, killing 128 Americans.
British ship, the Arabic,
Americans demanded war but President Wilson firmly opposed war. When Germany sunk another British ship, the Arabic, in 1915, Berlin agreed to not sink unarmed passenger ships without warning.
Sussex
After Germany sunk a French passenger steamer, the Sussex, Germany agreed to the Sussex pledge, which again said that Germany would not sink unarmed ships without warning. A German caveat to this pledge was that the U.S. would have to convince the Allies to stop their trade blockade. This was not possible, so war with Germany became imminent.
