Chapter 31

Question 1

FDR

Answer 1

election of 1932. The Democrats chose Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR). He had been born to a wealthy New York family and served as the governor of New York.

Question 2

Hundred Days Congress/Emergency Congress

Answer 2

On March 6-10, President Roosevelt declared a national banking holiday as a prelude to opening the banks on a sounder basis. The Hundred Days Congress/Emergency Congress (March 9-June 16, 1933) passed a series laws to help improve the state of the country. This Congress

Question 3

New Deal

Answer 3

New Deal programs, which focused on: relief, recovery, reform

Question 4

Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

Answer 4

Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933, which gave the President power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks.

Question 5

fireside chats

Answer 5

President Roosevelt gave “fireside chats” over the radio in which he soothed the public’s confidence in banks.

Question 6

ccc

Answer 6

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed about 3 million men in government camps. Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage.

Question 7

FERA

Answer 7

The Federal Emergency Relief Act was Congress’s first major effort to deal with the massive unemployment. It created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) which gave states direct relief payments or money for wages on work projects.

Question 8

CWA

Answer 8

The Civil Works Administration (CWA), a branch of the FERA, was designed to provide temporary jobs during the winter emergency. Thousands of unemployed were employed at leaf raking and other manual-labor jobs.

Question 9

AAA

Answer 9

Relief was given to the farmers with the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), making available millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages.

Question 10

HOLC

Answer 10

The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) assisted many households that had trouble paying their mortgages.

Question 11

NRA

Answer 11

A cornerstone New Deal agency was the National Recovery Administration (NRA). It was designed to bring industries together to create a set of “fair” business practices (fair to business and workers). Working hours were reduced so that more people could be hired; a minimum wage was established; workers were given the right to organize.

Question 12

(Schechter vs. United States)

Answer 12

NRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 (Schechter vs. United States), because the NRA gave legislative powers to the President, and it allowed Congress to control individual business, not just interstate commerce.

Question 13

21 Amendment

Answer 13

Congress repealed prohibition with the 21st Amendment in late 1933 to raise federal revenue and provide employment,

Question 14

The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

Answer 14

The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 continued conservation payments; if farmers obeyed acreage restrictions on specific commodities, they would be eligible for payments.

Question 15

Dust Bowl

Answer 15

Late in 1933, the Dust Bowl struck many states in the trans-Mississippi Great Plains. It was caused by drought, wind, and over-farming of the land.

Question 16

Hatch Act of 1939

Answer 16

Congress passed the Hatch Act of 1939. It prevented federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting. It also forbade the use of government funds for political purposes as well as the collection of campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments.

Question 17

John Maynard Keynes.

Answer 17

The downturn led FDR to embrace the recommendations of the British economist John Maynard Keynes.

Question 18

Keynesianism Economics

Answer 18

Keynesianism Economics: government money is used to “prime the pump” of the economy and encourage consumer spending; this policy intentionally creates a budget deficit.

Question 19

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Answer 19

In 1938, the CIO joined with the AF of L and the name “Committee for Industrial Organization” was changed to “Congress of Industrial Organizations.” The CIO was led by John Lewis. By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members.

Question 20

Alfred M. Landon

Answer 20

The Republicans chose Alfred M. Landon to run against President Roosevelt in the election of 1936. The Republicans condemned the New Deal for its radicalism, experimentation, confusion, and “frightful waste.”

Question 21

National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act)

Answer 21

Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act) to help labor unions. This law created a powerful National Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes and it reasserted the rights of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice.

Question 22

John L. Lewis

Answer 22

Unskilled workers began to organize under leadership from John L. Lewis, boss of the United Mine Workers. He formed the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) in 1935. The CIO led a series of strikes, including the sit-down strike at the General Motors automobile factory in 1936.

Question 23

Federal Housing Administration

Answer 23

The Federal Housing Administration (FHA), passed in 1934, attempted to improve the home-building industry. It gave small loans to homeowners for the purpose of improving their homes and buying new ones.

Question 24

United States Housing Authority (USHA)

Answer 24

The United States Housing Authority (USHA) was passed in 1937. It was designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost housing developments.

Question 25

Social Security Act of 1935

Answer 25

The Social Security Act of 1935 provided federal-state unemployment insurance. To provide security for old age, specified categories of retired workers were to receive regular payments from Washington. Social Security was inspired by the example of some of the more highly industrialized nations of Europe.

Question 26

Social Security

Answer 26

The purpose of Social Security was to provide support for urbanized Americans who could not support themselves with a farm. In the past, Americans could support themselves by growing food on their farm. Now, they relied solely on money from their job. If they lost their job, they could not eat.

Question 27

Tennessee Valley Authority

Answer 27

In 1933, the Hundred Days Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). It was designed to construct dams on the Tennessee River. In addition to providing employment and long-term recovery, these projects would give the government information on exactly how much money was required to produce and distribute electricity. This would be a metric that the government could use to assess the rates charged by private companies.