Chapter 28

Question 1

Progressive Movement

Answer 1

started at the beginning of the 20th Century. It sought to use the government to improve human welfare, and they fought monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice.

Question 2

Henry Demarest Lloyd

Answer 2

was critical of the Standard Oil Company in 1894 with his book, Wealth Against Commonwealth.

Question 3

Wealth Against Commonwealth.

Answer 3

was critical of the Standard Oil Company in 1894 with his boo

Question 4

Jacob A. Riis

Answer 4

shocked middle-class Americans in 1890 with How the Other Half Lives, which described the slums of New York.
Socialists and feminists were at the front of social justice.

Question 5

How the Other Half Lives,

Answer 5

which described the slums of New York.
Socialists and feminists were at the front of social justice.

Question 6

Muckrakers

Answer 6

were reform-minded journalists who wrote articles in magazines that exposed corruption and scandal. President Roosevelt coined this term. These reporters went after trusts and politicians.

Question 7

Lincoln Steffens

Answer 7

1902, New York reporter, Lincoln Steffens wrote “The Shame of the Cities” which unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

Question 8

Ida M. Tarbell

Answer 8

published a devastating depiction of the Standard Oil Company.

Question 9

David G. Phillips

Answer 9

published a series, “The Treason of the Senate” in Cosmopolitan that charged that 75 of the 90 senators did not represent the people, but they rather represented railroads and trusts.

Question 10

The Treason of the Senate”

Answer 10

Cosmopolitan that charged that 75 of the 90 senators did not represent the people, but they rather represented railroads and trusts.

Question 11

Ray Stannard’s

Answer 11

Following the Color Line

Question 12

John Spargo

Answer 12

wrote of the abuses of child labor in The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906).

Question 13

17th Amendment in 1913.

Answer 13

It established the direct election of U.S. senators.

Question 14

Robert M. La Follette

Answer 14

was a governor of Wisconsin who took control from the corrupt corporations and returned it to the people.

Question 15

Hiram W. Johnson

Answer 15

Governor of California, Hiram W. Johnson helped to break the grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics in 1910.

Question 16

Women’s Trade Union League

Answer 16

Women formed clubs in which they discussed and proposed solutions for societal problems (club movement).

Question 17

National Consumers League.

Answer 17

Women formed clubs in which they discussed and proposed solutions for societal problems (club movement).

Question 18

Florence Kelley

Answer 18

Florence Kelley took control of the National Consumers League in 1899 and mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace.

Question 19

National Consumers

Answer 19

Florence Kelley took control of the National Consumers League in 1899 and mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace.

Question 20

Muller vs. Oregon

Answer 20

In Muller vs. Oregon (1908), the Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional to enact laws that specifically protected women factory workers.

Question 21

Lochner vs. New York

Answer 21

Lochner vs. New York (1905) invalidated a New York law that limited the work day to 10 hours for bakers. The law was eventually upheld in 1917.

Question 22

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Answer 22

Following a series of factory accidents, several states passed stronger laws regulating the working conditions in factories.
The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was a large anti-alcohol women’s group.

Question 23

Square Deal

Answer 23

President Roosevelt believed in the progressive reform. He enacted a “Square Deal” program that consisted of 3 parts: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.

Question 24

George F. Baer

Answer 24

When mine spokesman, George F. Baer refused to negotiate, President Roosevelt stepped in and threatened to operate the mines with federal troops. A deal was struck in which the miners received a 10% pay raise and 9 hour workday.

Question 25

Elkins Act

Answer 25

Railroad companies historically offered incentives, in the form of rebates, to convince companies to use their rail lines. In 1903, Congress passed the Elkins Act, which fined railroads that gave rebates and the shippers that accepted them.

Question 26

Hepburn Act of 1906

Answer 26

Congress passed the Hepburn Act of 1906, which restricted free passes and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission. (Free passes: rewards offered to companies, in the form of free shipments; given to companies to encourage future business.)

Question 27

Free passes

Answer 27

rewards offered to companies, in the form of free shipments; given to companies to encourage future business.)

Question 28

Northern Securities Company

Answer 28

1902, President Roosevelt challenged the Northern Securities Company, a railroad trust company that sought to achieve a monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest. The Supreme Court upheld the President and the trust was forced to be dissolved.

Question 29

Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Answer 29

After botulism was found in American meats, foreign governments threatened to ban all American meat imports. President Roosevelt passed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. The act stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines was subject to federal inspection.

Question 30

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Answer 30

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabelling of foods and pharmaceuticals

Question 31

Desert Land Act of 1887

Answer 31

The first step towards conservation came with the Desert Land Act of 1887, in which the federal government sold dry land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser would irrigate the soil within 3 years.

Question 32

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Answer 32

A more successful step was the Forest Reserve Act of 1891. It authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves.

Question 33

Carey Act of 1894

Answer 33

The Carey Act of 1894 distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled.

Question 34

Newlands Act of 1902

Answer 34

President Roosevelt, a naturalist and rancher, convinced Congress to pass the Newlands Act of 1902, which authorized the federal government use money from the sale of public lands in western states to develop irrigation projects.

Question 35

multiple-use resource management.

Answer 35

Under President Roosevelt, professional foresters and engineers developed a policy of “multiple-use resource management.” This policy sought to sustainably use federal lands for recreation, logging, watershed protection, and cattle grazing.

Question 36

Panic if 1907

Answer 36

The panic of 1907 was a short economic downturn that resulted in financial reforms.

Question 37

Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908

Answer 37

Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908, which authorized national banks to issue emergency currency in the event of a currency shortage.

Question 38

President Taft

Answer 38

President Taft was not an adept political leader, such as Roosevelt. He generally adopted an attitude of passivity towards Congress.

Question 39

Dollar Diplomacy

Answer 39

Taft encouraged Wall Street bankers to invest in foreign areas of strategic interest to the United States (dollar diplomacy).

Question 40

Philander C. Knox

Answer 40

Philander C. Knox proposed that Americans buy the Manchurian railroads and then turn them over to China.

Question 41

Standard Oil Company,

Answer 41

1911, the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company, stating that it violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.

Question 42

rule of reason

Answer 42

Also in 1911, the Supreme Court laid out its “rule of reason” doctrine. This stated that a trust was illegal only if it unreasonably restrained trade.

Question 43

Payne-Aldrich Bill

Answer 43

President Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill in 1909, which placed a high tariff on many imports. This angered many Republicans because before he was elected, Taft said that he would lower the tariff.

Question 44

Gifford Pinchot

Answer 44

Taft was a strong conservationist, but his conservationist record was tarnished in 1910 when he fired the chief of the Agriculture Department’s Division of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot, for insubordination. (Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel) Pinchot was liked by conservationists.

Question 45

Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel

Answer 45

Taft was a strong conservationist, but his conservationist record was tarnished in 1910 when he fired the chief of the Agriculture Department’s Division of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot, for insubordination. (Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel) Pinchot was liked by conservationists.

Question 46

Republican Party

Answer 46

By the spring of 1910, the reformist wing of the Republican Party was furious with Taft, causing the Republican Party to split.

Question 47

National Progressive Republican League

Answer 47

In 1911, the National Progressive Republican League was formed with La Follette as its leading candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. La Follette was chosen because it was assumed that Roosevelt would not re-run for election.

Question 48

La Follette

Answer 48

In 1911, the National Progressive Republican League was formed with La Follette as its leading candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. La Follette was chosen because it was assumed that Roosevelt would not re-run for election.

Question 49

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 49

The Democrats chose Woodrow Wilson as their presidential candidate for the election of 1912. The Democrats saw Wilson as a reformist leader who could beat the Republican party’s candidate, Taft.

Question 50

Progressive Platform

Answer 50

The Democrats had a strong progressive platform that called for stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, and tariff reductions (New Freedom program). They favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets, but they did not support social-welfare programs that Roosevelt supported.

Question 51

New Nationalism program

Answer 51

Roosevelt ran ran with a New Nationalism program, which supported stronger control of trusts, woman suffrage, and programs of social welfare.