Chapter/ Packet 13

Question 1

Market Revolution

Answer 1

19th century United States is a historical model which argues that there was a drastic change of the economy that disoriented and coordinated all aspects of the market economy in line with both nations and the world.

Question 2

Interchangeable parts

Answer 2

parts (components) that are identical for practical purposes.

Question 3

Textile machinery

Answer 3

used in the fabrication and processing of fabrics, textiles, and other woven and non-woven materials.

Question 4

Steam engines

Answer 4

heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force can be transformed, by a connecting rod and crank, into rotational force for work.

Question 5

Internal improvements

Answer 5

is the term used historically in the United States for public works from the end of the American Revolution through much of the 19th century, mainly for the creation of a transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements.

Question 6

Canals

Answer 6

artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management or for conveyancing water transport vehicles. They carry free, calm surface flow under atmospheric pressure, and can be thought of as artificial rivers.

Question 7

Railroads

Answer 7

transport is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a prepared flat surface, rail vehicles are directionally guided by the tracks on which they run.

Question 8

Telegraph

Answer 8

Start of phkne

Question 9

Self-reliance

Answer 9

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s.

Question 10

rendezvous

Answer 10

The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts.

Question 11

ecological imperialism

Answer 11

Historians’ term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Question 12

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Answer 12

Irish semisecret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States.

Question 13

Molly Maguires

Answer 13

Secret organization of Irish miners who campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Question 14

Tammany Hall

Answer 14

Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city’s immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services.

Question 15

Awful Disclosures

Answer 15

Maria Monk’s sensational exposé of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.

Question 16

Know-Nothing party

Answer 16

Nativist political party, also known as the American party, that emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

Question 17

Industrial revolution

Answer 17

Shift toward mass production and mechanization that included the creation of the modern factory system.

Question 18

Cotton gin

Answer 18

Eli Whitney’s invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

Question 19

Patent Office

Answer 19

Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years.

Question 20

limited liability

Answer 20

Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares.

Question 21

Factory girls

Answer 21

Young women employed in the growing factories of the early nineteenth century; they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

Question 22

Cult of domesticity

Answer 22

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

Question 23

McCormick reaper

Answer 23

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.

Question 24

Turnpike

Answer 24

Privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce.

Question 25

Erie Canal

Answer 25

New York State canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

Question 26

Clipper ship

Answer 26

Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. Clipper ships were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.

Question 27

Pony express

Answer 27

Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed outposts.

Question 28

Transportation revolution

Answer 28

Term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovations—turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads—that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

Question 29

Market revolution

Answer 29

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.

Question 30

The great potato famine

Answer 30

In Ireland a major potato famine struck, resulting a big number of immigration from Ireland to US.

Question 31

Major cities for immigrants

Answer 31

Boston, New York, and Philadelphia

Question 32

Immigrant Germans

Answer 32

Economic hardship and failure of democratic revolution resulted in 1 million German to migrate to US in 1848.

Question 33

Nativist

Answer 33

Citizen if the US were started to get alarmed by the number of immigrants, fearing that they will take their job. These people strongly opposed immigrants.

Question 34

Peculiar institution

Answer 34

is slavery. Its history in America begins with the earliest European settlements and ends with the Civil War. Yet its echo continues to reverberate loudly. Slavery existed both in the north and in the South, at times in equal measure.

Question 35

Denmark vesey

Answer 35

a carpenter and formerly enslaved person, allegedly planned an enslaved insurrection to coincide with Bastille Day in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. Vesey modeled his rebellion after the successful 1791 slave revolution in Haiti.

Question 36

Nat Turner

Answer 36

a thirty-year-old Virginia slave who led a bloody rebellion that resulted in the death of fifty-five whites, mostly women and children.

Question 37

Hillbillies

Answer 37

an unsophisticated country person, as associated originally with the remote regions of the Appalachians.

Question 38

Code of chivalry

Answer 38

virtues were piety, honor, valor, courtesy, chastity, and loyalty. Dominated by the aristocratic planter class, the agricultural south was largely a feudal society.

Question 39

Exodus

Answer 39

By 1850 many natives were living west of Mississippi River.

Question 40

Lewis and Clark

Answer 40

Explorers, explored American Indian trails as they trapped for fur.