Chapter 26

Question 1

Mechanization of Agriculture

Answer 1

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.

Question 2

Populist

Answer 2

an agrarian-based political movement aimed at improving conditions for the country’s farmers and agrarian workers. The Populist movement was preceded by the Farmer’s Alliance and the Grange.

Question 3

Homestead Strike

Answer 3

a violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers that occurred in 1892 in Homestead, Pennsylvania. The striking workers were all fired on July 2, and on July 6 private security guards hired by the company arrived.

Question 4

Grandfather Clause

Answer 4

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Question 5

Pullman Strike

Answer 5

in U.S. history, widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States in June–July 1894. The federal government’s response to the unrest marked the first time that an injunction was used to break a strike.

Question 6

Fourth Party System

Answer 6

was the political party system in the United States from about 1896 to 1932 that was dominated by the Republican Party, except the 1912 split in which Democrats captured the White House and held it for eight years. United States presidential election results between 1896 and 1928.

Question 7

Gold Standard Act

Answer 7

This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money.

Question 8

Cash Crop

Answer 8

are agricultural crops that are planted for the purpose of selling on the market or for export to make profit, as distinguished from subsistence crops planted for the purpose of self-supply of the farmer (like livestock feeding or food for the family).

Question 9

Wheat

Answer 9

a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain that is a worldwide staple food

Question 10

Corn

Answer 10

Maize also known as corn in North American and Australian English, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico

Question 11

Twine Binder

Answer 11

a coarse slack-twisted twine or thin rope (as of sisal or henequen) used in binding especially of grain after cutting.

Question 12

Combine

Answer 12

join or merge to form a single unit or substance.

Question 13

Mechanization of Farm

Answer 13

This broad meaning includes production, distribution and utilization of a variety of tools, machinery and equipment for the development of agricultural land, planting, harvesting and primary processing [3, 15, 19, 25].

Question 14

Deflation

Answer 14

the action or process of deflating or being deflated.

Question 15

Tenant Farmer

Answer 15

a person who farms rented land.

Question 16

Drought

Answer 16

a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.

Question 17

Unprotected World Market

Answer 17

a place where buyers and sellers indulge in trade (buying/selling) of financial securities like bonds, stocks, etc.

Question 18

Tariff-Protected hie Market

Answer 18

designed to shield domestic production from foreign competition by raising the price of the imported commodity.

Question 19

National Grange of the Patron of Husbandry

Answer 19

organized in 1867, was led by Oliver H. Kelley. Kelley’s first objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities.

Question 20

Grange Laws

Answer 20

were a series of laws passed in western states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and rebates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers.

Question 21

Greenback Labor Party

Answer 21

would be an alliance of organized labor and reform-minded farmers intent on toppling the political hegemony of the industrial- and banking-oriented Republican Party which ruled the North during the Reconstruction period.

Question 22

Farmers’ Alliance’

Answer 22

One of the group’s main goals was to form cooperatives. Farmers set up cooperatively owned retail stores and marketing organizations. The idea was to give producers more influence in buying their supplies and marketing their products. The Farmers’ Alliance was very strong in Texas and Kansas.

Question 23

Colored Farmers’ National Alliance

Answer 23

was created when an agricultural depression hit the South around 1870 and farmers began to organize themselves into radical political groups. It paralleled the white Southern Farmers’ Alliance, whose membership was closed to blacks.

Question 24

People’s Party

Answer 24

also known as the Populist Party or simply the Populists, was a left-wing agrarian populist political party in the United States in the late 19th century.

Question 25

Homestead Strike of 1892

Answer 25

the Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania discharged workers from the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers Union. A bloody confrontation ensued between the workers and the hired Pinkerton security guards, ultimately killing 16 people and causing many injuries.

Question 26

Panic of 1893

Answer 26

was a national economic crisis set off by the collapse of two of the country’s largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company. Following of the failure of these two companies, a panic erupted on the stock market.

Question 27

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Answer 27

passed by the U.S. Congress to supplant the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. It not only required the U.S. government to purchase nearly twice as much silver as before, but also added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation.

Question 28

Repeal

Answer 28

revoke or annul (a law or act of parliament).

Question 29

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

Answer 29

significantly cut tariff rates on imports and exports and completely eliminated tariffs on imports of coal, iron, lumber, and wool. The elimination of tariffs on these products greatly angered American businesses as it would hurt their profit.

Question 30

Unconstitutional of 1895

Answer 30

the South Carolina constitutional convention was convened by U.S. Senator Benjamin “Pitchfork” Tillman and his political allies to disenfranchise African Americans and establish Jim Crow segregation.

Question 31

Forgettable Presidents

Answer 31

Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, and Cleveland were known as the “forgettable presidents.”

Question 32

American Railway Union

Answer 32

ARU workers at the Great Northern Railroad voted to strike in response to wage cutting. The strike shut down the railroad for 18 days before the company agreed to restore wages. The union triumphed.

Question 33

Dingley Tariff Bill

Answer 33

was the highest protective tariff in U.S. history. The legislation’s effect was to raise the cost of living by nearly 25 percent between 1897 and 1907.

Question 34

Gold Standard Act of 1900

Answer 34

This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money.

Question 35

Trickle down effect

Answer 35

is a term used in marketing and advertising. It can refer to the notion that fashion trends “trickle-down” from upper-class citizens to lower-class citizens, or that as a product becomes widely adopted, the price falls.

Question 36

Oliver Kelley

Answer 36

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His concept became the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (known commonly as simply the Grange), a fraternal organization that encouraged farm families to band together for their common well-being. Kelly served as the first secretary of the Grange from its founding in 1867 until 1878.

Question 37

General James Weaver

Answer 37

was a member of the United States House of Representatives and two-time candidate for President of the United States. Born in Ohio, he moved to Iowa as a boy when his family claimed a homestead on the frontier.

Question 38

Thomas Watson

Answer 38

Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1890, Watson pushed through legislation mandating Rural Free Delivery, called the “biggest and most expensive endeavor” ever instituted by the U.S. Postal Service.

Question 39

Jacob Coxey

Answer 39

Radical reformer Jacob Coxey of Ohio proposed that the U.S. government hire the unemployed to fix the nation’s roads. In 1894, he organized hundreds of jobless men—nicknamed “Coxey’s Army”—to carry out a peaceful march to Washington to appeal for the program.

Question 40

Eugene Debs

Answer 40

was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.

Question 41

William McKinley

Answer 41

was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. As a politician he led a realignment that made his Republican Party largely dominant in the industrial states and nationwide until the 1930s.

Question 42

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

Answer 42

was an American businessman and Republican politician who served as a United States Senator from Ohio as well as chairman of the Republican National Committee.

Question 43

William Jennings Bryan

Answer 43

A politician who was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party. Did not support the Gold Standard, railroads, or banks. Supporter of populist Dem. Promoted Free Silver, anti-imperialism, and trust-busting.