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micro > chapter 9 pt 2 > Flashcards

chapter 9 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

degeneracy

A

most amino acids have multiple codons

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2
Q

what defines protein identity

A

primary structure

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3
Q

what is universal

A

genetic code

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4
Q

trna during translation

A

use anticodon to interpret the mRNA codons and bring aa

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5
Q

trna enters p site of ribosome and binds to mRNA when?

A

when it has a complementary anticodne and methionine amino acid

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6
Q

what does stop codon release?

A

peptides

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7
Q

what will the second tRNA do?

A

with a complementary anticodon will fill the A site

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8
Q

where does the peptide bond form during translation

A

between the amino acids on neighboring tRNAs in the ribosome

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9
Q

what codon has no corresponding tRNA?

A

stop codon
-when it is reached the ribosome just falls off and the tRNA is removed from the polypeptide

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10
Q

prokaryote vs eukaryote

A

transcription and translation in cytoplasm not nucleus
-eukaryote only does transcription in nucleus snd rna processing

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11
Q

polyribosomal complex

A

allows simultaneous synthesis of many protein molecules from the same mRNA molecule
-can only form after RNA has left the nucleus
-found in all domains

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12
Q

prokaryotes can

A

couple translation with transcription
-transcription does not have to be finished for translation to begin

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13
Q

eukaryotic mRNA

A

monocistronic

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14
Q

genes are only active when?

A

when their products are required

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15
Q

what coordinates gene regulation in prokaryotes?

A

operons
-a set of genes that are regulated as a single unit
-have defined functions

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16
Q

inducible

A

operon is turned on/ expressed by a substrate/ inducer being present
-lac opeon on when lactose is present

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17
Q

catabolic operons

A

-make enzymes resposible for catbolism
-lac operon is inducible operon and catabolic bc we need it to degrade the substrate/ lactose

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18
Q

repressible

A

genes in a series are turned off by the products they synthesize
-trp and arg.

19
Q

anabolic operon

A

enzymes used to synthesize an amino acid stop being produced when they are not needed
-stops when trp is made
-trp operon

20
Q

lac operon segments

A

regulation (gene codes for repressor), control locus (promoter and operator), and structural locus (encode enzymes to catabolize lactose)

21
Q

bgal transacetylase

A

unknown function

22
Q

promoter

A

recruit RNA pol to transcribe protein

23
Q

what has to happen before oxidative phosphorylation

A

lactose must be broken down by enzymes into d galactose and d glucose

24
Q

what turns on the operon?

25
Q

what type of operon is arginine?

A

repressor: turns off when there is enough arginine

26
Q

when is the argenine operon on?

A

when arg is being used by the cell
-turns on bc the repressor will change shape so it cant bind to the dna
-only the presence of a corepressor can bind it to the DNA

27
Q

what does the presence of argenine do?

A

bind to the repressor and change it so the operon turns off
-arg is the corepressor

28
Q

chemical mutations from?

A

nitrous acid, bisulfite ethidium bromide acridine dyes, nitrogen bases

29
Q

template strand

A

non coding strand
-NOT the sense strand

30
Q

missence

A

change in a single amino acid

31
Q

silent

A

changes base not amino acid

32
Q

back mutation

A

mutates gene reverts back to orignal composition

33
Q

mutations can do what to proteins?

A

misfolding, truncations (incomplete and nonfunctioning), inactive (cant catalyze rxn or wrong shape), super active (enzyme regulation is disrupted and it is always on constituive)

34
Q

what looks for mistakes in DNA

A

polymerase proof reads

35
Q

mismatch repair

A

locates and repairs mismatch nitrogen bases that arent fixed by dna pol
-proteins looking for mistakes

36
Q

excision repair

A

locates and repairs incorrect sequence by removing a segment of the DNA and adding the correct base

37
Q

ames test looks for

A

a chemical capable of mutating bacterial DNA bc then it could maybe mutate mammalian
-test medicines, agriculture things etc

38
Q

indicator oragnism of Ames?

A

mutates salmonella typhimurium that is auxotroph for histidine
-succeptable to back mutation

39
Q

genetic recombination

A

happens occurs when an organism aquires and expresses genes that originated in a different organism
-horizontal gene transfer

40
Q

genetic recombination in bacteria

A

-conjugation
-transformation
-transduction: use of a virus

41
Q

gram negative

A

has a fertility plasmid for pilus formation
-transfers fertility

42
Q

HFr

A

donors fertility plasmid is integrated into the genome

43
Q

gram neg transfer

A

f plasmid copies itself first them goes to donot

micro (23 decks)

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