chapter 13 Flashcards
infectious disease
when the microbe is causing tissue damage
microbial antagonism
protects the host, prevent overgrowth of microbes
by products of waste in intestine
vit b12, riboflavin, thiamine, pryridoxine, butyric acid, propionic acetic acetic acid
amine and skatole
bad smell in gut
first organism in respiratory tract
streptococci
nasal entrance, vestibule, anterior nasopharynx
s aureus
mucous membrane nasopharynx
nisseria
tonsils and lower pharynx
hemophilus
are there permanant residents in lower respiratory, lung and bronchi
no
influenza, plague bacillus and malaria protozoa
true pathogens
psuedomonas and candida albicans
opportunist pathogens
what determines severity of illness?
virulence
ability of the mirobe to cause disease
virulence factors
-helps invade and establish in host
is transplacental a portal of entry
yes
STORCH
Syphillis, toxoplasmosis, other diseases, hep b, aids, chlamydia, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex
what is required for an infectious dose
-the minimum number of micorbes for an infection to happen
smaller id?
greater virulence
-1 measels virus to infection
no ID
no infection
what is glycocalyx, capsid and slime layer and viral spikes
form of adhesion
antiphagocytic factors
staphylococcus and streptococcus
-leukocidins
slime layer and phagocytosis
makes it hard to phagocytose and increases survival
“blocks” it
salmonella and ecoli
produce secretion system to insert virulence proteins to host cells
what dissolves extracellular barriers
exoenzyme
what produces toxin at site of multiplication
toxigenicity
what is released after the cell is damages
endotoxin
-made of LPS
-cause endotoxic shock
-shock, general malaise etc
what is made by living bacterial cell
exotoxin
-hemolysins, AB
-strep pyogenes, clostristrium botulinum, tenanti and pertusis
what targets specific organs
exotoxin
-small protein not LPS
what inhibits cellular protein so it can cause damage
A protein from AB toxin
-acts on ribosomes when released from vacuole
which is toxic (endo or exo) in small amounts?
exotoxin
can exotoxin be heat denatured
yes and stimulate antitoxin
antitoxin
antibody reacts with that toxin (exotoxin)
where are endotoxin from
only gram (-)
what is the time until first symptom
incubation
-damage not enough to cause sympotoms
what stage is non specific complains
prodromal
when are the most significant symptoms
period of invasion
-height of infection
starting to get better is which period
convalescent
what type of infection lets the infection spead to several sites and tissue fluid
systemic
An infection that breaks loose to other tissue?
focal
Can infection be local with only toxins in blood?
yes in toxemia
ex: diptheria
what happens in a mixed infection?
many microbes same site
-polymicrobial
is the secondary infection by the same microbe?
no
sign
based on fact and evidence, you have the disease (PA)
-septicemia, chest sounds, leukopenis, antibodies in blood etc
symptom
the pt feels they have the disease (PT)
-headache, chest tight, cramp, itch, chills, pain etc
what are the earliest syptoms of diease
fever, pain, sore, swelling
list signs of inflammation
-edema, granulomas, lymphadenitis
walled off collection of inflammatory cells and mcirobes?
granuloma/ abcess
increase WBC
leukocytosis
when are large numbers of microbes actively multiplying in the blood
septicemia
not necessarily multiplying
bacteremia and viremia
when does a person not seek medical attention
inapparent infection
Gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, syphillis HPV and trichomoniases are
non symptomatic std
what influences the dissemination of infection?
how pathogen departs
if the host has recovered is the microbe gone?
not always
-latency
-chronic carrier
-sequelae
after first symotom, in chronic disease where the microbe is active periodically shed during this stage
latency
post recovery continue to shelter and shed
chronic carrier
sequelae
long term and permanent damage to tissue or organs
where is reservoi
in natural world
-primary pathogen habitat
-CAN be human
source
where the infection comes from
2 types of living reservoirs
carrier and passive carrier
carrier
Inconspicuously shelters pathogen and spread it
-might or might not experience the disease
passive carrier
Healthcare provider picks up pathogen transfers it to other patients
-CDIFF
-nosocomoal infection (from hosptial stay)
which carrier spreads infection during incubation period
incubation carrier
what carrier recovers without symptoms?
Convalescent
what is a live animal that transmits the microbe from one host to another
vector (arthopods) can be mammal, lower vert.
Biological vector
Actively participates in the pathogen lifecycle
what vector is not necessary to the lifecycle of a microbe and it’s just for transportation
Mechanical vector, not infected
when is a disease communicable?
an infected host transmits to another host and establishes infection in them
Highly communicable means what
contagious
how can someone acquire a non-communicable disease?
-their own microbiotia
-contact with non living reservoir
-fungal infection
aeresole droplets are what type of contact?
directs
indirect contact
from host to intermediate conveyer to another host
-vehicle (not alive) or vector
-can be droplet nuclei or aerosols suspended in air for long time
droplet nuclei
dry airborne secretions (tb and flu)
aerosols can be
airborne animal waste or in soil
noscomial infections are mostly caused by
opportunistic, surgery, drug resistant pathogen
-microbe has to be present, pt immunocompromised and staff transmits it
