chapter 15 Flashcards
mhc 2 is only on
some wbc
why do t cell receptors have unique mhc
stochastic process
function of MHC1
to make sure all the cells are health
-show your proteins to T cells by putting them on receptors on cell surface
-infection or cancer would change your protein and T would act
what is clonal selection
antigen enters, finds the clone that fits it and then that clone proliferates for an immune response
how are lymphocytes made?
instructions in your genetic material, make billion of copies, self binding removed through MU and then clone waits to be used
what IS IG made of
glycoprotein
which genes are selected to be active in the mature cell?
V and D
what is the t cell receptor for atigen?
one arm of the imunoglobulin/ 2 parallel polypeptide chains
where do b cells home to
spleen, lymph nodes and galt
what doesnt have MHC2?
t cell
what is an antigen that induces an immune response
immunogen
what small molecule interacts with antigen binding site?
epitope
what is an example of allo antigen
blood type
-a antigen that is distinct per person (A, B O etc)
-makes blood transfusions incompatible
illnesses that promote superantigen response
rhumatic fever, scarlet fever, toxic ss
what is an autoantigen
a substance made by the body that normally has no immune response but triggers an immune response when you mistake it for bacteria and attack yourself (strep)
where are antigen presenting cells, and where do they encounter antigens
lymphatic tissue
t cell activation
-mhc2 on apc surface
-present to t helper cell
-active t release IL 1
-mhc 2 antigen on APC binds to T receptor then CD4 hooks to mhc 2
what causes the self recognition during t helper cell activation
the cd4 hooking into position
b cell activation
-binds and phagocytoses bacteria
-presents it on it’s mhc 2 molecule to present to T helper witht he correct receptor
-without the helper presentation the B cell can not activate
-mhc2 bind to t cell receptor and cd4
-t cell makes interleukin and b cell activation (GF)
-b cell proliferates
-makes memory and plasma B
-first make IgM
what does Fc bind to
molecule and cells of immune system
opsonization
coating micro oragnism with specific antibodies to be recognizable
-more phagocytosis
neutralization
antibody takes up the active site on the surface receptors to prevent attach to host cells
what is in some parts fo the FC
regions for fixing complement
-the Fc binding may release cytokines
monomers
igG, igA, igM
where is igA a dimer
in mucous and serous secretions
-identicle to Fc
IgD
receptor for antigen on B cell
IgM makes?
pentomer and hexomer
anamnestic response
same response but stronger
-naive b make IgM
monoclonnal antibody originate from
single clone and are specific for single antigen
what secrete cytokines
t helper
most prevalent T cell?
T helper/ cd4
-activate macrophage
t cells differentiate into?
t1 and t2
cytotoxic t cell has which cd
8
-cytotoxic
-destroy abnormal cells with perforins and granzymes that lyse cell
are natural killer specific
NO
where do nk circulate
spleen, lung, blood
what is superantigen
virulence factor
-overwhelming response
-saureus and epstein barr
what does superantigen cause?
toxic shock syndrome, blood vessel damage, organ damage, tnf release
treatment of choice for measels
passive immunity
-remove ig from blood
-lasts 2-3 months, can come from animals like horse
exposing someone to antigenic NOT pathogenic material
artifical active immunity to get primary and secondary response
where do we antigenic molecules
bacterial cells/ virus
kill or inactive will?
require larger dose
wht eliminates virulence factors
live attenuate cells/ viruses
antigenic determinant
capsule, surface protein (anthrax hep B), exotoxin
explain genetically engineered vaccine
insert genes for antigen into plasmid vector and clone them in a host ‘
-hep
-TROJAN HORSE in live carrier
-aids herpes, simplex lep, tb
what rna pol does rna vax use
t7 rna pol
vector vaccine
insert gene for spike into modifieed adenovirus that will enter cell, viral dna enters nucleus and makes spike mrna translates to protein and processed through MHC1
vector vaccine spike
mhc1
vector vaccine response
humoral and cell mediated
r=0
average number an infected person transmits to
rt
measure to suppress immunity
