Chapter 11 pt 1 Flashcards
antimicrobial drugs
made naturally or synthetic
-from other microbes
antibiotics
metabolic byproduct of bacteria and fungi
antibiotic bacteria genera
streptomyces and bacillus
antibiotic molds in genera
penicillium and cephalosporium
-funguses
chemotheraputic drug
any chemical that is used in treatment, releif or prophylaxis of a disease
prophylaxis
using a drug to prevent potential for infection of a person at risk
-before infection for ppl at risk
antimicrobial therapy
using chemotheraputic drugs to control infection
antibiotics are a type of what
antimicrobials
antimicrobials
any antimicrobial drug regardless of origin
antibiotics
natural byproduct that can inhibit or destroy microorganisms
-NOT synthetic
semisynthetic
drug chemically modified in lab after being isolated from natural sources
synthetic drugs
antimicrobials synthesized in lab
narrow spectrum
antimicrobials effective against mainly gram positive
-effective against fewer microbes
broad spectrum
antimicrobials effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria
selectively toxic
antimicrobial drugs kill microbial cells without damaging our tissues
when are more drug side effects seen
when the pathogens characteristics are more similar to the host cells and selective toxicity is hard to acheive
5% of people?
will feel side effects from antibiotics
major side effects
-damage to tissue from toxicity
-alleric reaction
-imbalance of normal flora leading to superinfections (CDIFF)
antimicrobial drug groups
-antibacterial drugs
-antifungal drugs
-antiparaditic
-antiviral
antibacterial drugs
antibiotics and synthetic drugs
how many antimicrobial drugs?
260
20 drug families
whats impossible for antivirals?
selective toxicity because of the obligate intracellular parasitic nature of viruses
-can also interfere with nucleotides
how do antivirals work?
-block penetration into host cell by blocking interaction between virus and cell membrane receptors
-block replication, transcription or translation of viral genetic material
nucleotide analogs
-acyclovir (herpes)
-ribavirin (guanine and RSV)
-azt (thyamine and HIV)
-merck (covid)
protease inhibitor
prevent maturation of virus
-paxlovid
-sometimes used to treat HIV
COVID RDRP and merck
-rna genome uses rdrp
-molnupiravir looks like a nucleotide and can base pair with g or a which lets it get replicated into the viral genome inctead of a U or a C
-this mutation in the viral genome causes it to die
-less effective than paxlovid
spectrum
range of activity of a drug
-narrow or broad
what does broad spectrum target?
cell components common to most pathiogens
-ribosomes
-best range of activity
what does narrow spectrum target
cell components only found in specific microbes
-bacteriophage?
what does penicillins inhibit
cell wall inhibitor
-synthesis and repair
-weakens points on cell wall, membrane will bulge, cell will lyse
what do penicillins and cephalosporins block
peptidoglycan synthesis by blocking the enzyme transpeptidase (fixes cell wall)
peptidoglycan inside/ not exposed
gram negative
cephalosporins most effective generation
fourth generation
-most effective on gram negatives
-fewer side effects
first gen cephalosporin
gram positive very few gram negative
polymyxins
cause a loss of selective permeability
-interact with phospholipids and cause leakage in gram negative
bacteria ribosome size
70s
