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micro > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Endosymbitoic theory

A

-world full of prokaryotes, one got swallowed one day and made symbiotic relationships

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2
Q

Microbes eukaryote

A

Fungí, worms, algae, Protozoa, anthropoids

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3
Q

Eukaryote flagella

A

Diff structure to prokaryote, still for movement, 10x thicker , 9+2 microtubule arrangement, covered by extension of cell membrane, rigid rods
-microtubules are pulled and push to move flagella not like prokaryotes that rotate
-wiggle movement

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4
Q

Cilia

A

Shorter and more than flagella, only in single group of Protozoa and cértain animal cells
-motility, feeding and filtering

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5
Q

Glycocalyx

A

External layer outside membrane, made of polysaccrides, adheres, protects, beneath it is dependent on the type of eurkaryotes bc they don’t all have cell walls (fungi do and algea)
-network of fibers, plasma membrane under it

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6
Q

Fungal cell wall

A

Made of chitin/ cellulose and sugars that make up thick inner layer
Thin layer of glycans

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7
Q

Algae cell wall

A

Makes a whole in the wall every time it divides and it scars, count the scars count the age, pectin, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, sugars etc…

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8
Q

Cell membrane (cytoplasmic)

A

Phospholipid bilayer selectively permeable
-have membrane bound organelles inside

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane bound in the center of the cell, has an envelope (2 belayed) with pores/ wholes. Choromoses in side of it and the nucleolus which is the dark area for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly (where the ribosome genes are)

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10
Q

er

A

Double membrane bound

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11
Q

Rer

A

Covered in ribosomes that make proteins (membrane proteins or extra cellular proteins)
-part of the nuclear envelope and there is a space
-proteins will go through the membrane and end up in the space or get stuck in the membrane trying to leave nucleus

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12
Q

golgi

A

-modifies, stores and packages proteins
-stacks of flattened sacs (cisternae)
-vesicles go back and forth er
-takes proteins from rer and modifies them (post translational modification)
-usps

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13
Q

vesicles from golgi

A

transitional vesicles

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14
Q

glycosilation

A

removing sugars from proteins

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15
Q

not a membrane proteins

A

gets modified inside the vesicle not on the surface
-the proteins modified in golgi and on surface of vesicle are secretory proteins

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16
Q

lysosome

A

digestion
-kills microbes
-enzymes from the golgi
-made by golgi
-specialized vacuole

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17
Q

vacuoles

A

-membrane bound vesicle with things to be digested, destroyed etc

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18
Q

phagosome

A

vacuole merged with lysosome
-form phagolysosome

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19
Q

mitochondria

A

-energy
-inner folds= cristae
-divide independently of cell
-cristae hold enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
-have their own DNA that looks similar to prokaryotic
-evolved from bacteria cells similar to rickettsias

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20
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis of photons into energy which becomes sugar
-algae and plant cells
-double membrane with thylokoid stacks inside
-has a prokaryotic looking genome and thier own ribosomes like mitochondria
-evolved from cyanobacteria

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21
Q

granum

A

thylakoid stack

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22
Q

ribosomes

A

-rrna and protein
-in cytoplasm or rer
-larger than prokaryotic ribosomes
-protein synt

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23
Q

ribosome size

A

80s (60s +40s)
-(large + small subunit)
prokaryotic is 70s

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24
Q

prok vs euk ribosomes

A

difference in size lets us target prokaryotic ribosomes with drugs and not interfere with euk

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25
Q

cytoskeleton

A

proteins, microfilaments, microtubule network throughout cytoplasm
-movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport (highways) and support
-function is dependent of cell

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26
Q

eukaryotic microbes

A

fungi, algae, worms

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27
Q

fungi

A

-2 groups macro and microscopic
-unicellular or colonial

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28
Q

macroscopic fungi

A

muschroom, puffballs, gill fungi

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29
Q

microscopic fungi

A

mold and yeast
-heterotrophic

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30
Q

yeast

A

-looks like individual cells
-ovoid shape, asexual reproduction
-buds off and scars
-soft, uniform texture and appearance

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31
Q

hyphae

A

-long rods of yeast cells, fungi/ mold
-division between= septate
-don’t always have clear division

32
Q

diphorm

A

-fungi that switch between yeast and hyphae
-can make fungi very pathogenic

33
Q

mycoses

A

fungal infection

34
Q

saprobes

A

dead plants and animals

35
Q

molds that infect humans

A

-produce toxins and protein that poison people
-some fungus cause infection but most ppl are harmed by thier byproducts

36
Q

yeast reproduction

A

pops hole in cell wall, new cell buds off and creates a scar that can be seen on SEM
-they do not always separate sometimes they form chains

37
Q

pseudohyphae

A

yeast in chains

38
Q

filamentus fungi/ mycelium

A

mass of hyphae
-cottony or hairy

39
Q

reproductive hyphae

A

producing spores
-where spores are made
-asexual from budding or mitosis

40
Q

vegetative hyphae

A

digestion and active

41
Q

sprorangiospores

A

cluster of spores released from sac

42
Q

conidia

A

hyphae that break off

43
Q

fungal sexual reproduction

A

-spores made after fusion of two strains and form a sexual structure

44
Q

sexual spore structures

A

zygospores, ascospores and basidiospores (used for classification/ phylum)

45
Q

zygospore reproduction

A

-spore released into environment (inert cells that is a haploid)
-germinate on old bread
-growing as hyphae (not alway)
-male and female (+ and -) hyphae fuse and fertilize a zygospore
-zygospore germinates and forms sporangium from meiosis that releases spores

46
Q

ascospores

A

-starts with haploid hyphae that fuse and fertilize a diploid organism
-grows as diploid hyphae until it forms spores
-meiosis makes haploid spores
-spores released= asco spores
-cup fungus
-haploid -> diploid -> haploid

47
Q

basidiospores

A

-spores released as haploid, fertilize/ fusion, diploid organism grows
-germinates (mushroom)
-meiosis makes diploid into haploid cells

48
Q

fungi kingdom

A

eumycota

49
Q

sexual spores

A

will only reproduce sexually

50
Q

asexual spores

A

will only reproduce asexually

51
Q

identify fungi

A

-appearance from growth, reproductive structure, hyphal type, colony, color, genetic makeup
-dont enter reproduction all the time, need specific conditions

52
Q

fungi imperfecti

A

all fungi that we dont see reproduce and dont identify

53
Q

spores

A

reproduction but also survival bc they are different from vegitative spores

54
Q

fungal spore vs bacteria spore

A

-fungal spore reproduces bacteria does not

55
Q

mycoses

A

caused by true fungal pathogens for humans
-infect healthy person while others normally need a weakness for disease

56
Q

true fungi pathogens

A

-dimorphic from hyphal to yeast so they can grow in human host

57
Q

thermal dimorphism

A

-mold/ hyphae at 30 celsius spores infect human and yeast at 37 grows as yeast in warm person
-virulence factor

58
Q

4 true f pathogens
-dimorphic

A

-blactomyces
-coccidodes
-histoplasma
-paraccoccidiodes

59
Q

opportunistic

A

-candida
-cryptoococcus
-aspergilus
-wont rlly infect healthy people

60
Q

what makes ppl resistant to fungi?

A

-membranes
-skin
tissue temperature
-redox potential

61
Q

protist

A

algae and protozoa

62
Q

protozoa

A

can not photosynthesize

63
Q

algae

A

unicellular, colonial or filamentus (seaweed)
-cell wall or pellicle (components of cell wall dependant on type of algea)
-chloroplasts with chlorophyll and pigment
-plankton
-basis of food web

64
Q

dinoflagellates

A

can give off toxin (red tide)
-not always red and not all red are bad
-harmful bloom (HAB)
-Karenia Brevis that makes saxitoxin
-neurotoxin
-eat shellfish infected get paralyzed
-takes oxy out of water and suffocates it

65
Q

pellicle

A

cell wall like plates of armor

66
Q

algae and people

A

one exception: prototheca which can cause skin infection
-mostly ppl affected by toxins from algae

67
Q

protozoa

A

-no cell wall or chloroplast (heterotroph)
-mostly aquatic
-parasites
-unicellular mostly
-flagella or cillia
-can be trophozoite
-sexual or asexual

68
Q

trophozoite

A

-vegitative form
-feeding state

69
Q

cyst

A

formant resting stage when there is environemental stress

70
Q

conujugation

A

protozoa sexual reproduction

71
Q

sarcodina

A

amoeba
-psuedopods to move
-reorganizing cytoskeletal
-fission reproduction (split in half)

72
Q

apicomplexia

A

-all parasitic and need host
-cant rlly move
-one or multiple hosts
-malaria

73
Q

helminths

A

-parasitic worms
-multicellular, have reproductive organs, move digestion etc
-eggs and sperm
-have mouths that attach to host tissue (tape worm attaches to intestine eats your food and you poop out eggs)
-larva period for fertilized eggs that are sometimes in host or out

74
Q

trichomonads

A

-protozoa parasite
-flagella
-only in trophozoite

75
Q

t. vaginalis (std trichomoniasis)

A

found only in humans
-trichomonads
-50% non symptomatic
-dies out of host
-visible in discharge
-foul smell

76
Q

Giardia

A

-flagella protozoa
-cysts
-heart shape like suction cup
-cysts survive for 2 months in environment
-diarrhea in gut
-cysts germinate and multiply causing diarrhea
-resistant to chlorine (makes water drinkable)

micro (23 decks)

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