chapter 7 pt 2

Question 1

human bacteria

Answer 1

symbiotic
-some can become opportunistic pathogens and cause infection

Question 2

biofilm

Answer 2

surface microorgamisms enclosed in an extracellular matrix
-on most natural environments on earth

Question 3

quorum sensing

Answer 3

bacterial communication with chemical messages than initiate a repsonse as a function of population density
-function as a group to accomplish tasks too big for one cell
-release toxin, digest food, flourescence

Question 4

pseudomonas

Answer 4

-small gram negative rods with single polar flagellum
-free living in soil, sea, plants an d animals (biofilms)
-contaminate homes and hospitals
-decomposers
-aerobic respiration but dont ferment carbohydrates (non fermenters)
-produce oxidase and catalase, some make water soluble pigments
-true pathogens of plants

Question 5

can some psuedomonas grow anaerobically?

Answer 5

yes but only if given growth factors

Question 6

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 6

soil and water
-intestinal resident in some people
-resist soap, dyes, quaternary ammonium disinfectant, drugs and drying
-contaminate ventilators, iv solutions, anesthesia equipment, contact lenses
-grape odor, green blue pigment (pyocyanin)
-multidrug resistance
-opportunistic nosocomial pathogen (attacks unhealthy) (burns, cancer, CF)
-pneumonia, uti, abscesses, corneal disease otitis externa (minor ear infection)
-meningitis, endocarditis, bronchopneumonia, bone and joint infection
-no tissue, cant infect
-eye drop outbreak

Question 7

how do psuedomonas talk

Answer 7

autoinducer molecules
-inhibit them to shut down biofilm and toxin secretion
-can potentially put the inhibiting agent on clothing, medical supplies etc

Question 8

microbial growth

Answer 8

-grows at cellular level which increases size
-grows at population level

Question 9

binary fission

Answer 9

-how cell divides (splits in half)
-parent cell enlargers, duplicates chromosome, forms septum dividing the cell into 2 daughter cells

Question 10

generation/ doubling time

Answer 10

time necessary for fission cycle
-each new cycle increases population by factor of 2 (exponential growth)

Question 11

generation time

Answer 11

minutes or days

Question 12

equation for population size

Answer 12

nf= (ni)2^n

Question 13

nf

Answer 13

total number of cells in the population

Question 14

ni

Answer 14

starting number of cells

Question 15

exponent N

Answer 15

number of generations

Question 16

2n

Answer 16

number of cells in that generation

Question 17

growth curve

Answer 17

predictable pattern of growth over time

Question 18

lag phase

Answer 18

stage in the growth cruve
-flat period of adjustment/ enlargement
-little growth here

Question 19

exponential growth phase

Answer 19

period of maximum growth that will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and a favorable environment

Question 20

stationary phase

Answer 20

cell growth rate= cell death rate
-caused by depleted nutrients and oxygen
-excretion of organic acids and pollutants

Question 21

death phase

Answer 21

as limiting factors increase, cells die exponentially

Question 22

how to analyze population growth

Answer 22

-turbidity (easiest): how cloudy does it look
-enumeration: viable colony count with cytometer

Question 23

apicomplexan parasites

Answer 23

-sporozoans
-lack locomoter organelles in the trophozoite state
-sexual and asexual phases btwn different animal hosts
-special infective bodies that are transmitted by anthropod vectors, food, water etc

Question 24

apicomplexia parasite types

Answer 24

plasmodium, toxoplasma, cryptosporidium

Question 25

plasmodium is the agent of which illness

Answer 25

malaria

Question 26

malaria

Answer 26

-dominant protozoan disease
-obligate intracellular sporozoan
-4 species
-anopheles/ girl mosquitos, blood transfusion and mother to fetus (mode of infection)
-300-500 million cases a year
-2 million dead yearly

Question 27

4 species of malaria

Answer 27

-p. malariae, p vivax, p falciparum, p ovale

Question 28

asexual malaria phase dormant

Answer 28

human host
-inject asexual sporozoite that localizes int he liver then undergoes schizogony generating many merozoites that enter circulation 5 to 16 days later
-exoerythrocytic development: symptomless developing in liver

Question 29

asexual malaria entering circulation

Answer 29

-merozoites attach to and enter rbc where they convert to trophozoites and multiply
-rbc burst releasing trophozoites some become gametes some infect other rbc
-this is the erythrocytic phase

Question 30

what happens if we get rid of all mosquitos

Answer 30

there will be no malaria

Question 31

sexual phase

Answer 31

in mosquito host
-mosquito draws infected rbc, gametes will fertilize creating diploid cells that create sporozoites in mosquito stomach
-sporozoites lodge in the salivary glands to infect a human host

Question 32

plasmodium symptoms

Answer 32

chills, fever, sweating, anemia, organ enlargement
-48-72 hrs as RBC ruptures

Question 33

p faliparum

Answer 33

most malignant type of plasmodium
-highest death rate in kids
-causes cerebral malaria
-trophozoite presence in rbc diagnoses
-more resistant to drugs

Question 34

p faliparum treatment

Answer 34

chloroquine, mefloquine
-can come back w out proper treatment and the next infection is likely to mild

Question 35

sickle cell

Answer 35

resistant to malaria
-glu to val
-val is a hydrophobic amino acid that forms polymers/ chains which will change the shape of the RBC

Question 36

sickle cell heterozygotes

Answer 36

have mostly normal rbc but have protection form malaria
-stress can trigger sickling
-stress includes plasmodium infection

Question 37

sickle cell homozygotes

Answer 37

-not protected from malaria
-makes the disease worse
-macrophages in immune system will clear sickled RBC