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micro > chapter 7 pt 1 > Flashcards

chapter 7 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

nutrition

A

chemical substances/ nutrients are acquired from the environment and used in cellular processes

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2
Q

essential nutrients

A

Need to be provided to the organism
-macronutrients
-micronutrients or trace elements

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3
Q

macronutrients

A

required in large amounts
-necessary for cell structure and metabolism
-proteins and carbohydrates

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4
Q

trace elements or micronutrients

A

-small amounts, enzyme function, protein structure
-manganese, zinc and nickel

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5
Q

organic nutrients

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
-products of living things

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6
Q

inorganic nutrients

A

metals and salts, gases, water

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7
Q

e.coli main elements

A

-main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen

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8
Q

carbon acquisition

A

heterotroph or autotroph

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9
Q

heterotroph

A

has to obtain carbon made by other living organism
-proteins, cabs, lipids, nucleic acids

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10
Q

autotroph

A

uses co2/ inorganic gas as a carbon source
-does not depend on other organisms

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11
Q

growth factors

A

Organic compounds that cant be synthesized by an organism bc they lack the genetic and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them
-has to be provided as a nutrient

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12
Q

examples of growth factors

A

amino acids, vitamins
-9 amino acids humans cant synthesize (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine

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13
Q

can ecoli make all 20 amino acids

A

yes from simple building blocks

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14
Q

energy sources (2 types)

A

chemotroph or phototroph

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15
Q

chemotroph

A

gain energy from chemical compounds

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16
Q

phototroph

A

gain energy through photosynthesis

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17
Q

autotroph’s carbon source (2 methods)

A

-photosynthesis (photoautotroph) or energy from oxidizing organic and inorganic molecules (chemoautotroph)

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18
Q

methanogens

A

a type of chemoautotroph that can produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions and methanogens

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19
Q

heterotrophs are mostly?

A

chemoheterotrophs that do aerobic respiration
-saprobes and parasites

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20
Q

saprobe

A

free lviing microorganisms that feed on dead organisms
-opportunistic pathogens and facultative parasite

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21
Q

parasites

A

get nutrients from hosts
-pathogens and obligate parasites

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22
Q

passive transport

A

no energy, from high to low
-diffusion, osmosis (water diffusion) and facilitated diffusion (uses a carrier)

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23
Q

active transport

A

needs energy, carrier proteins, and gradient
-active transport, group translocation and bulk transport

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24
Q

bulk transport

A

endocytosis, exocytosis (expel) and pinocytosis(drink), phagocytosis (eat)

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25
Q

group translocation

A

transported molecule chemically altered (in active transport)

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26
Q

hypertonic solution

A

concentration greater outside the cell than the cytosol
-water moves out of the cell
-cell will shrivel
-plasmolysis can happen

27
Q

plasmolysis

A

membrane pulls away from cell wall

28
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solute concentration lower outside
-water moves into cell
-swells

29
Q

niche

A

adaptations for an organism to adapt to environment
-will affect metabolic function (temperature, oxy requirements, ph, osmotic pressire, barometric pressure)

30
Q

3 cardinal temperatures

A

minimum temp, max temp, optimal temp
-below or above max and min there will be no growth

31
Q

psychrophiles

A

optimal temperature below 15°C but can grow at 0°C

32
Q

psychrotroph

A

can grow below 7 but optimal is above 20

33
Q

mesophiles

A

20-40
-most human pathogens

34
Q

thermophiles

A

greater than 45

35
Q

hyperthermophile

A

above 80

36
Q

oxygen is transformed into

A

toxic products
-singlet oxygen (1 O2), superodixe ion (O2-), peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH-)
-cells have enzymes to deal w toxicity

37
Q

enzymes that break down toxic oxygen byproduct

A

superoxide dismutase, catalase, oxidase

38
Q

microbes that cant deal with oxygen byproducts?

A

have to live in oxygen free habitat

39
Q

aerobe

A

uses oxygen and can detoxify it
-obligate or facultative (can grow w out it if necessary)

40
Q

microaerophilic

A

requires only a small amount of oxygen
-aerobe

41
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

lacks enzymes to detoxifiy oxygen so cant surive in an oxy environment

42
Q

aerotolerant

A

dont use oxygen but can grow it its presence

43
Q

neutrophiles ph

A

grow btwn 6 and 8
MOST COMMON CATEGORY OF BACTERIA

44
Q

acidophiles

A

grow at extreme acid ph

45
Q

alkalinophiles

A

grow at alkaline ph
-basic

46
Q

most microbes exist in what kind of tonic conditions?

A

hypotonic or isotonic condition

47
Q

halophiles

A

high salt concentration

48
Q

osmotolerant

A

can tolerate high solute when it happens but dont require it

49
Q

barophiles

A

rupture when exposed to normal atmospheric pressure
THEY LIKE IT ROUGHHHHHH (extreme pressure)

50
Q

symbiotic

A

2 organisms live tog in a partnership
mutualism, commenralisms and parasitism

51
Q

nonsymbiotic

A

Free living organisms that don’t require relationships for survival
- synergism and antagonism

52
Q

obligate mututalism

A

both members benefit, obligatory and dependant
Example of symbiotic

53
Q

nonobligate mututalisms

A

both benefit but they can live w out each other

Example of symbiotic

54
Q

commensalism

A

one member benefits the other is not harmed but doesnt benefit (in our gut)

Example of symbiotic

55
Q

parasitism

A

parasite is dependant and benefits while the host is harmed

Example of symbiotic

56
Q

do nonsymbiotic organisms need the relationship

A

no they can live w out it

57
Q

synergism

A

-syntrophy
-cross feeding
-members produce a result that they cant do alone (ant colony)
Example of non symbiotic

58
Q

antagonims

A

-amensalism
-actions of one organism affect the sucess or survival of others
-competition
-antibiosis: 1 is really badly affected, other is fine (antibiotics on a bacteria)
Example of non symbiotic

59
Q

Osmolysis

A

Hypotonic, when cell swells snd bursts

60
Q

Minimum temp

A

Lowest temp a microbe can grow and have metabolism

61
Q

Maximum temp

A

Max temp a microbe can grow and have metabolism

62
Q

Optimum temp

A

Temp that promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism

63
Q

Heterotrophs and their energy source (2)

A

Majority are chemoheterotrophs
-saprobes
-parasite

micro (23 decks)

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