chapter 7 pt 1 Flashcards
nutrition
chemical substances/ nutrients are acquired from the environment and used in cellular processes
essential nutrients
Need to be provided to the organism
-macronutrients
-micronutrients or trace elements
macronutrients
required in large amounts
-necessary for cell structure and metabolism
-proteins and carbohydrates
trace elements or micronutrients
-small amounts, enzyme function, protein structure
-manganese, zinc and nickel
organic nutrients
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
-products of living things
inorganic nutrients
metals and salts, gases, water
e.coli main elements
-main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen
carbon acquisition
heterotroph or autotroph
heterotroph
has to obtain carbon made by other living organism
-proteins, cabs, lipids, nucleic acids
autotroph
uses co2/ inorganic gas as a carbon source
-does not depend on other organisms
growth factors
Organic compounds that cant be synthesized by an organism bc they lack the genetic and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them
-has to be provided as a nutrient
examples of growth factors
amino acids, vitamins
-9 amino acids humans cant synthesize (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine
can ecoli make all 20 amino acids
yes from simple building blocks
energy sources (2 types)
chemotroph or phototroph
chemotroph
gain energy from chemical compounds
phototroph
gain energy through photosynthesis
autotroph’s carbon source (2 methods)
-photosynthesis (photoautotroph) or energy from oxidizing organic and inorganic molecules (chemoautotroph)
methanogens
a type of chemoautotroph that can produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions and methanogens
heterotrophs are mostly?
chemoheterotrophs that do aerobic respiration
-saprobes and parasites
saprobe
free lviing microorganisms that feed on dead organisms
-opportunistic pathogens and facultative parasite
parasites
get nutrients from hosts
-pathogens and obligate parasites
passive transport
no energy, from high to low
-diffusion, osmosis (water diffusion) and facilitated diffusion (uses a carrier)
active transport
needs energy, carrier proteins, and gradient
-active transport, group translocation and bulk transport
bulk transport
endocytosis, exocytosis (expel) and pinocytosis(drink), phagocytosis (eat)
group translocation
transported molecule chemically altered (in active transport)
hypertonic solution
concentration greater outside the cell than the cytosol
-water moves out of the cell
-cell will shrivel
-plasmolysis can happen
plasmolysis
membrane pulls away from cell wall
hypotonic solution
solute concentration lower outside
-water moves into cell
-swells
niche
adaptations for an organism to adapt to environment
-will affect metabolic function (temperature, oxy requirements, ph, osmotic pressire, barometric pressure)
3 cardinal temperatures
minimum temp, max temp, optimal temp
-below or above max and min there will be no growth
psychrophiles
optimal temperature below 15°C but can grow at 0°C
psychrotroph
can grow below 7 but optimal is above 20
mesophiles
20-40
-most human pathogens
thermophiles
greater than 45
hyperthermophile
above 80
oxygen is transformed into
toxic products
-singlet oxygen (1 O2), superodixe ion (O2-), peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH-)
-cells have enzymes to deal w toxicity
enzymes that break down toxic oxygen byproduct
superoxide dismutase, catalase, oxidase
microbes that cant deal with oxygen byproducts?
have to live in oxygen free habitat
aerobe
uses oxygen and can detoxify it
-obligate or facultative (can grow w out it if necessary)
microaerophilic
requires only a small amount of oxygen
-aerobe
obligate anaerobe
lacks enzymes to detoxifiy oxygen so cant surive in an oxy environment
aerotolerant
dont use oxygen but can grow it its presence
neutrophiles ph
grow btwn 6 and 8
MOST COMMON CATEGORY OF BACTERIA
acidophiles
grow at extreme acid ph
alkalinophiles
grow at alkaline ph
-basic
most microbes exist in what kind of tonic conditions?
hypotonic or isotonic condition
halophiles
high salt concentration
osmotolerant
can tolerate high solute when it happens but dont require it
barophiles
rupture when exposed to normal atmospheric pressure
THEY LIKE IT ROUGHHHHHH (extreme pressure)
symbiotic
2 organisms live tog in a partnership
mutualism, commenralisms and parasitism
nonsymbiotic
Free living organisms that don’t require relationships for survival
- synergism and antagonism
obligate mututalism
both members benefit, obligatory and dependant
Example of symbiotic
nonobligate mututalisms
both benefit but they can live w out each other
Example of symbiotic
commensalism
one member benefits the other is not harmed but doesnt benefit (in our gut)
Example of symbiotic
parasitism
parasite is dependant and benefits while the host is harmed
Example of symbiotic
do nonsymbiotic organisms need the relationship
no they can live w out it
synergism
-syntrophy
-cross feeding
-members produce a result that they cant do alone (ant colony)
Example of non symbiotic
antagonims
-amensalism
-actions of one organism affect the sucess or survival of others
-competition
-antibiosis: 1 is really badly affected, other is fine (antibiotics on a bacteria)
Example of non symbiotic
Osmolysis
Hypotonic, when cell swells snd bursts
Minimum temp
Lowest temp a microbe can grow and have metabolism
Maximum temp
Max temp a microbe can grow and have metabolism
Optimum temp
Temp that promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism
Heterotrophs and their energy source (2)
Majority are chemoheterotrophs
-saprobes
-parasite
