chapter 8 pt 2 Flashcards
oxidative phsosphorylation
redox reactions during respuration pathway
photophosphorylation
atp is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight
fermentation happens from
facultative anaerobes
nutrient processing is based on?
three catabolic pathways that convert glucose to CO 2 and gives off energy
-aerobic respiration
-anaerobic respiration
-fermentation
aerobic respiration
glycolysis, krebs cycle, respiration chain
-enzyme catalyzed reactions where electrons are transferred from fuel molecules (glucose) to oxygen as a final electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration
glycolysis, krebs cycle, respiration chain, molecular oxygen is NOT the final electron acceptor
fermentation
glycolysis and organic compounds are the final electron acceptors
glycolysis
glucose is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3c) and NADH is generated
-happens in cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
glucose
6 carbon sugar
TCA
processes pyruvic acid and generates 3 carbon dioxide molecules, NADH, and FADH2
electron transport chain
accepts electrons from NADH and FADH
-generates energy through sequential redox reactions called oxidative phosphorylation
result of glycolysis
-2 atp
-2 nadh
-2 pyruvic acid
ETC
final processing of electrons and hydrogen
-major generator of ATP
-chain of redox carriers that get electrons from the reduced carriers (NADH and FADH2)
where is the ETC
-mitochondria of eukaryotes
-cell membrane of prokaryotes
what moves electrons down the chain?
ETS
-energy is released and then captures to be used by ATP synthase complexes to make ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
ATP synthase making ATP from captured energy released by ETS
chemiosmosis
movement of protons
-electron carriers moving electrons which pumps h ions/ protons across the membrane which sets up a gradient
proton motive force
the gradient generated by etc
-h ions will diffuse back through the ATP synthase complex which rotates causing a 3 d change that will produce ATP
what is oxygen
the final electron acceptor
-accepts 2 electrons from the ETS anf then picks up 2 H ions from the solution to form water molecule
what is cytochrome oxidase used for?
bacterial identification
-last enzyme in electron transport chain
-large transmembrane protein
NADH
can make 3 ATP
FADH2
can make 2 ATP
what needs oxygen to work
krebs cycle
anaerobic respiration
uses oxygen containing ions instead of free oxygen as the final electron acceptor
-nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-)
obligate anaerobes
use h+ generated during glycolysis and the krebs cycle to reduce compounds instead of O2
what is fermentation?
incomplete oxidation of glucose or carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
-can grow w oxygen it is facultative
fermentation
-uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors
-yields a small amount of atp
-makes ethyl alcohol from yeast acting on glucose
-makes acid, gas and other products bc of the action of bacteria on pyruvic acid
fermentation needs what to capture electrons
oxygen
photosynthesis
6co2 + 6 h20 –> add light, C6H12O6 + 6CO2
has 2 stages
photosynthesis
-light dependant
-light independant
light dependant photosynthesis
photons absorbed by chlorophyll, cartenoid and phycobilin pigments
-water is split by releasing oxygen gas which gives electrons and drives photophosphorylation
-released light enery used to synthesize ATP and NADPH
light independant reaction
-dark reactions
-calvin cycle will use ATP to fix CO2 to ribulose 1, 5-biphosphate and convert it to glucose
what are dynamic processes
the building and breakdown of macromolecules
-these reactions are catalyzed by catalytic proteins (enzymes)
breakdown of glucose?
releases energy that is stored as ATP
-happens through glysoclysis, krebs cycle, etc
energy harvesting?
involves the transfer of electrons
in aerobic respiration?
o2 is the final electron acceptor and it will split to form water
-can result in nasty forms of oxygen/ radical species
-releases co2 and the carbons are the remnants of glucose
fermentation happens when?
absense of oxygen and the organism will function only on glycolysis
-recycles NADH- back to NAD+ which acculumates byproducts like acid and alcohol (poison in a closed system)
