chapter 8 pt 1

Question 1

catabolism

Answer 1

break bonds of large molecules
-release energy

Question 2

anabolism

Answer 2

forms large macromolecules
-needs energy

Question 3

what do enzymes do to chemical reaction

Answer 3

increase rate by lowering energy of activation
-not permanetly altering the reaction
-it is a physical site for substrate molecules to bind

Question 4

simple enzyme

Answer 4

only proteins

Question 5

conjugated enzymes

Answer 5

holoenzymes
-have protein and non protein molecules
-apoensyme and cofactors (can have one or both)

Question 6

apoenzyme

Answer 6

part of the conjugate enzyeme that is protein
-secondary (h bond), tertiary (side group) and some quaternary structures
-site for substrate binding (active site) or catalytic site
-when the substrate moves into the active site a temporary enzyme substrate union occurs

Question 7

cofactors

Answer 7

non protein part of the conjugates enzyme
-can be metallic (iron, copper, magnesium)
-can be coenzymes (an organic molecule like a vitamin)
-heme of hemoglobin

Question 8

induces fit

Answer 8

the temporary union of the substrate moving into the active site
-this is not the lock and key model
-the key (substrate) never fits the lock right it has to be forced into the apoenzyme

Question 9

synthesis

Answer 9

condensation reactions
-anabolic reaction that forms covalent bonds
-requires atp and releases one water molecule for each bond formed

Question 10

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 10

Catabolic reaction
Input water to break bonds
-released energy can be harvested and used elsewhere

Question 11

enzymes are sensitive to what?

Answer 11

their environment
-temp, ph and osmotic pressure of their organisms habitat
-ex: extremophile pol for pcr

Question 12

labile

Answer 12

chemically unstable enzymes from changes in organisms habitat

Question 13

denaturation

Answer 13

weak bonds that maintain the shape of the apoenzyme are broken due to changes in the organisms environment

Question 14

constitutive enzymes

Answer 14

always present and produced in equal amounts/ rates regardless of the amount of substrate

Question 15

regulated enzymes

Answer 15

not always present their production has to be turned on / induced and then repressed/ turned off in response to changes in the substrate concentration

Question 16

how do we control enzyme activity

Answer 16

enzyme represion and enzyme induction

Question 17

enzyme repression

Answer 17

inhibits at the genetic level by controlling the synthesis of enzymes

Question 18

enzyme induction

Answer 18

enzymes are only made when suitable substrates are present

Question 19

direct enzyme control

Answer 19

competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition

Question 20

competitive inhibition

Answer 20

substances that resemble the normal substrate and compete with the substrate for the active site

Question 21

noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 21

enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the active site
-allosteric inhibition
-molecule changes the shape so the original cant bind anymore

Question 22

steps of metabolic pathways are all….

Answer 22

all catalyzed by a different enzyme

Question 23

metabolic pathway

Answer 23

sum of the steps from start to finished product

Question 24

mutlienzyme system shaptes

Answer 24

linear, cyclic, branched (divergent and convergent)

Question 25

energy

Answer 25

ability to do work and cause change

Question 26

energy forms

Answer 26

thermal, radiant, electrical, mechanical, atomic and chemical

Question 27

endergonic reaction

Answer 27

consume energy
-anabolic
-cold beaker

Question 28

exergonic

Answer 28

release energy
-catabolic
-hot beaker

Question 29

released energy

Answer 29

stored temporarily in high phosphate molecules
-energy of these molecules is used in endergonic cell reactions

Question 30

redox rxn

Answer 30

-happen in pairs
-electron donor and an acceptor which makes up the redox rxn
-released energy can be captures to phosphorulate ADP or smth else

Question 31

electron and proton carriers

Answer 31

most are coenzymes
-accept and release electrons and hydrogen to facilitate the transfer of redox energy

Question 32

atp parts

Answer 32

-adenine (nitrogenous base)
-ribose (5 carbon sugar)
-3 phosphate groups

Question 33

atp purpose

Answer 33

remove terminal phosphate and release energy
-replenished in a constant cycle
-used to make RNA

Question 34

ATP formation mechanisms

Answer 34

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidatice phosphorylation
-photophosphorylation

Question 35

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 35

transfer phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) to ADP