Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

micro > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

magnification

A

ability to enlarge object
-work on microscope because of visible light waves that interact between the curvature of the lens
-image formed by objective lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

resolving power

A

ability to show detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where is the real image projected on microscope?

A

on ocular where it is magnified again to from the image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

total mag equation

A

objective power x ocular power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

below 400 nm

A

ultraviolet light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

above 700 nm

A

infarred light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

average white light nm

A

550 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

resolving power equation

A

wavelength of light nm divided by 2 (numerical aperture of objective lens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is a smaller resolving power better?

A

-yes because you see smaller things better
-it is the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

numerical aperture

A

property of the objective lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what views smaller than .2 micron/nm

A

electron microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

light microscope limit

A

200/ .2 micron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why is 200 the limit of microscope

A

because it is all the human eye can handle, visible light limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

numerical apeture

A

set value of each lens and defines the amount of light that is able to be captured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

oil immersion does?

A

the oil captures the larger cone of light when using 100x
-oil has refractive properties as the glass, so more light is able to be captures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens without oil?

A

light refracts out of lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

bright field

A

specimen is darker than surrounding field
-live or preserved samples
-white light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dark field

A

dark surrounding, bright specimen
-live or unstained specimens
-there is a ring of light that interacts with the sample and bends the light/ illuminates the sample (coin on regular scope)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

florescence scope

A

-with UV radiation source and filter
-uses dyes/ florescent molecules that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays
-can use to diagnose based on what colors light up
ex: antibodies with florescent properties bind to microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

scanning confocal

A

3d like image
-laser beam of light to scan specimen surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

can the electron microscope samples be alive?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

em types

A

-scanning (color)
-trans (BW)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

em

A

-beam of electrons in wavelike patterns interact with sample
-waves are 100,000 times shorter than visible light
-5,000 to 1 mil x
-no objective lens it is a magnet that directs the electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

trans em

A

through specimen
-darker areas are thicker/ denser parts
-specimen is in think slices
-shoot negative electrons through sample
-BW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why are there dark areas of trans em?

A

because they are thicker areas that are electron dense so they reflect the electrons being shot at them because electrons are neg and they repel each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

scanning em does what

A

detects the electrons that bounce off the specimen so it gets an image of the outside surface
-it is a metal coated specimen
-color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

wet mounts

A

-live cells, examine size, motility, shape and arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

fixed mounts

A

-dry and heat specimen (heat fixing)
-smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

positive staining

A

the microbes are negatively charged at the surface and attract basic dye
-opposites attract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what charge does basic dye have

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

neg stain

A

microbes will repel the dye and the dye will stain the background (neg dyes/ anionic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

acidic dyes cant?

A

enter the microbe because they are neg and the bacteria is too
-like repel like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

simple stain

A

one dye
-size, shape arangement

34
Q

differential

A

primary stain and a counterstain to see cell types or parts
-gram stain, acid fast, endospore

35
Q

endospore stain

A

-differentiates endospores from not endospores

36
Q

structural stain

A

-reveal cell parts that you wouldn’t be able to see ex: capsular or flagellar stain
-ex: in capsule the sugar does not take the stain

37
Q

can gram staining diagnose?

A

it helps eliminate 50% of possibilities either gram (+) or neg
-bacteria differentiated based on cell wall morphology

38
Q

gram +

A

thick peptidoglycan

39
Q

gram -

A

thin peptidoglycan and 2 membranes

40
Q

gram + primary

A

crystal violet will clump/ mordant from iodine after rinse the color is there
-color is trapped in thick polyglycan layer
-crystal violet is positive and will enter the cell and get trapped when it is thick
-decolorizer removes it from the thin ones

41
Q

saffronin

A

negative so it enters all the cells but only stains the ones that are gram negative because purple is the dom color

42
Q

gram - is what color

A

-pink from safronin bc purple washed away bc cell wall too thick

43
Q

how does endospore staining work?

A

the sample needs to be boiled for the stain to work bc they are heat resistant
-green first and it is dom over saffron

44
Q

acid fast is for bacteria with?

A

mycolic acids (lipids)
-it creates the waxy cell wall
-TB bacteria is acid fast
-wax is drug resistant
-bright red

45
Q

what makes TB drug resistant

A

mycolic acids

46
Q

Kirby Bower assay

A

plate coated in bacteria

47
Q

inoculation

A

introduce sample into a container of media to make a culture of growth

48
Q

isolation

A

separate your colony from the growth (one species)
-streak
-pour plate
-spread plate

49
Q

streak plate

A

what we did on agar, flaming loops

50
Q

pour plate

A

3 liquids each with lower dilutions of bacteria poured into plates and as agar solidifies bacteria will grow

51
Q

spread plate

A

diluted bacteria in a liquid sample spread on plate with hockey stick tool

52
Q

single species growing

A

-pure culture
-mult. = mixed culture

53
Q

other colors visible

A

-contaminant

54
Q

16 s gene can?

A

identify microbes
-is the sequence gene

55
Q

gene sequence on microbe

A

can show what they are resistant too

56
Q

media properties

A

-physical state (liquid, semisolid, solid)
-chemical composittion (synth or complex)
-functional type (general purpose, transport, assay etc)

57
Q

semisolid

A

has a solidifying solid agent in low amounts
-measures motility of microbes
-soft agar

58
Q

solid

A

-surface for colony formation
-solidifying agent= agar
-powder heated in liquid then solidifies when cool

59
Q

why do we use agar not jello?

A

jello is collagen based and comes form animals so bacteria would eat it and the agar would have holes
-agar is cellulose/ seaweed based so only marine bacteria might eat it

60
Q

temp agros solids

A

42 celsius

61
Q

temp agar liquid

A

powder melts at 100 celsius

62
Q

synthetic media

A

-know exactly what in it/ formula
-pure organic and inorganic compounds

63
Q

complex/ nonsynth

A

-not chemically definable
-brownie batter mix
-ex: we only know tsa and tsb is soy based

64
Q

what enzyme digests protein in agar

A

tripsin

65
Q

general purpose media

A

-typically non synth.
-grows lots of types of bacteria

66
Q

enriched media

A

blood, serum, etc
-special growth factors for fastidious microbes
-often the microbes that live in people

67
Q

blood agar

A

-strep throat or flesh eating disease (same bacteria)
-for microbes that destroy red blood cells
-clear areas shows circular zone clearing of cells

68
Q

beta hemolysis

A

where bacteria have cleared red blood cells

69
Q

chocolate agar

A

-bubonic plague
-killed blood cells that become brown when the hemoglobin/ iron is exposed to air

70
Q

what media is used for isolation

A

selective because it has stuff that inhibits growth of some microbes ex: antibiotic in a plate when looking for antibiotic resistant microbes
-or salt

71
Q

what makes microbes turn different color

A

differential media
-allows color differences

72
Q

what does bile salt inhibit

A

-gram positive bacteria

73
Q

what causes color change in plate

A

-microbe fermenting sugar producing acid and the H ions released cause a ph change which changes the color of the agar

74
Q

selective and differential

A

mannitol salt agar that lets staph grow bc it likes salt and other microbes wont grow in salt
-as the salt is fermented the ph/ color changes

75
Q

macconkey agar

A

-only gram negative will grow on this plate
-microbe has to eat lactose
-crystal violet and bile salt wont let gram positive grow

76
Q

why does oxygen need to be in water?

A

oxy does not diffuse into water well so there would be less oxygen deeper in the water over time and life would die

77
Q

what reduces oxygen in water?

A

boiling water

78
Q

reducing medium

A

substance that absorbs oxygen so we can see how anaerobic baceria grow
-will grow in its optimal environment (tell based on area of water ex: at top the bacteria want the oxygen)

79
Q

carbohydrate fermentation medium

A

-phenol red broth
-has sugar that can be fermented which changes the ph
-has upside down durum tube

80
Q
A

micro (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions