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micro > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What arrives first at sight of infection?

A

macrophage
-eats 100 bacteria before its tired

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2
Q

who does macrophage call when there is too much bacteria?

A

neutrophil

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3
Q

why do neutrophils have a short lifespan?

A

so they dont accidently kill you because that is all they do and theyre good at it
-can damage your cells in the process of killing bacteria

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4
Q

silent killer in the fluid released to the site of injury?

A

complement proteins
-rips holes in bacteria

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5
Q

what happens if bacteria is too strong?

A

dendritic cell collects bacteria, rips it to small peptides and puts them on the surface, enters lymph nodes looking for matching helper t cell

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6
Q

what happens when helper t recognizes dendritic’s molecule?

A

it is activated and clones itself
-thousands of helper T
-one group goes to site of infection, wakes up macrophages
-one group goes to wake up B cells

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7
Q

what happnes when b and t find each other?

A

b clones itself and makes antibodies
2,000 per second
-one week into infection the antibodies are working and clumping bacteria

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8
Q

what does clumping allow?

A

the cells to kill off the bacteria

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9
Q

one group of helper t cells become?

A

T memory cells

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10
Q

some B cells post infection do what?

A

stay alive making low amount of antibodies

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11
Q

what is the HIV microbial countermeasure?

A

APOBEC3
-interferes with HIV genetic material
-causes cytosine deaminase
-acts when the virus is in a host cell and replicating
-messes up reverse transcriptase

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12
Q

which host defenses work immediately

A

innate
-present at birth and give NON specific resistance

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13
Q

is adaptive immunity instantaneous?

A

no it take a long time for B and T to wake up
-one week for antibodies

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14
Q

is the second line of defense innate?

A

yes and it does not develop immunityc

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15
Q

chemical barriers are what defense

A

first
-ph, lyzoenzyme, digestive enzyme etc

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16
Q

Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon, complement are examples of?

A

second innate immune response
-non specific

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17
Q

what is involved in the third response

A

aquired immunity with B, T and antibodies

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18
Q

components of outer epithelial layer?

A

compacted epithelial cemented with keratin

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19
Q

why does cholera have a high ID

A

becuase it is sensitive to stomach acid and needs many cells to make it to infect

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20
Q

where are lysozymes and peroxidase ?

A

in the saliva
-lyso also in tears

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21
Q

what is the acidic mantle?

A

slightly acidic silm on the skin
-sebaccious secretion

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22
Q

how does lysozyme kill?

A

hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in cell wall of bacteria

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23
Q

what are defensins made of?

A

peptideswha

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24
Q

defensin function?

A

damage cell membrane and lyse bacteria and fungi

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25
Q

lactic acid and electrolytes are high in?

A

sweat

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26
Q

what type of pathogen is highly specific

A

viruses
-have specific host receptors

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27
Q

how do genes change how you can be infected?

A

mutations like CCR5 for HIV and sickle cell make you naturally more resistant

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28
Q

immunology only involves which defenses?

A

second and third

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29
Q

molecules shared by microorganisms are?

A

PAMP
-pathogen associated patterns

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30
Q

what are the WBC receptors for PAMP

A

PRR
-pathogen recognition receptors

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31
Q

what is a type of PRRR?

A

TLR
-toll like receptor

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32
Q

list 4 types of immune system

A

-reticuloendothelial, extracellular fluid, blood stream, lymphatic system

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33
Q

what does RES connect

A

interconnects cells and meshes connective tissue surrounding organs

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34
Q

what lives in RES

A

mononuclear phagocyte system
-macrophage ready to attack microbes that make it past first line

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35
Q

water, metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factor and hormones are in?

A

plasma

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36
Q

what is serum

A

liquid portion of the blood after clot forms
-plasma w out clotting factors

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37
Q

2 types of leukocytes

A

granulocyte and agranulocyte

38
Q

colored granules in cytoplasm and have a lobed nucleus

A

granulocyte

39
Q

unlobed and rounded nucleus

A

agranulocyte

40
Q

what makes thrombocytes?

A

megakaryocyte

41
Q

precurser for basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte

A

myeloblast

42
Q

macrophage precurser?

A

monocyte

43
Q

what do elevated neutrophils indicate?

A

infection

44
Q

lavender granuoles, lobed nuclei

A

55-90%
neutrophil that can live 2 days

45
Q

orange granuoles, bilobed

A

1-3%
eosinophil

46
Q

dark blue granuoles with constricted nuclei

A

.5%
basophil

47
Q

local infection first line of defense?

A

mast cell
-fire alarm
-bound to connective tissue

48
Q

what has a specific immune response?

A

20-35%
leukocyte

49
Q

what is the rarest granulocyte?

A

basophil

50
Q

what is the final differentiation of macrophage?

A

monocyte
-kidney nucleus

51
Q

what is the largest WBC

A

monocyte/ macrophage
3-7%

52
Q

what forms lymph

A

components of the blood moving to extracellular spaces

53
Q

what moves the lymph fluid

A

muscle contractions

54
Q

does lymph vessesl permeate placenta?

A

no

55
Q

purpose of lymph vesses?

A

return lymph to circulation/ towards heart and eventually blood stream

56
Q

name tropical infection spread by mosquito que leave larva

A

wuchereria bancrofti

57
Q

what causes elephantitis

A

chronic infection from larvae in lymphatics
-grow to adults

58
Q

points of entry that are also collections of cells distributed throughout body tissue

A

salt, malt, galt

59
Q

recognition, inflammation, phagocytosis, interferon, complement

A

second line of defense

60
Q

signs of inflammation in order:

A

redness, warmth, swelling (pus), pain and loss of function

61
Q

redness is caused by

A

increased circulation, vasodilation in response to chemical mediators

62
Q

underlying source of autoimmune?

A

inflammation

63
Q

what is the immediate response to injury?

A

vasoconstrict to form clot

64
Q

what are the chemical messengers released by mast cells

A

cytokines and chemokines
-fire alarm

65
Q

what happens after clot forms

A

vasodilation to increae b.f., immune components, rubor and calor

66
Q

what is the exudate

A

collection of fluid
-causing swelling

67
Q

what triggers the influx of neutrophils?

A

the edema and pus formation

68
Q

what prevents the spread of the microbes when the immune response is happening?

A

fibrin
-surrounds the exudate

69
Q

what is attracted to the site of scar formation?

A

monocyte, lymphocyte and macrophage

70
Q

what repairs damages tissue

A

fibroblast

71
Q

chemotaxis

A

migration in response to chemicals at the injury site

72
Q

chemokine, endotoxin, PAMPA, TNF, complement, platelet activators are all?

A

chemotaxis

73
Q

what is the migration of cells out of bv to tissue

A

diapedesis
ex: leukocyte extravasation
“walking leukocyte”

74
Q

what triggers fever

A

pyrogens to hypothalamus to increaese temp and vasoconstriction

75
Q

what is exogenous pyrogens

A

infectious agent product that increases temp
-LPS

76
Q

what are IL 1 and TNF?

A

endogenous pyrogens that are liberated by monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages during phagocytosis
-body induced fever

77
Q

what reduces iron?

A

fever
-bacteria need it to grow

78
Q

what cells do phagocytosis

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages

79
Q

what is the primary component of pus?

A

neutrophil

80
Q

what preps for reaction with B and T

A

macrophage

81
Q

where are TLR?

A

in receptors of macrophage
-10 types
-PRR to recognize PAMP

82
Q

what turns on TF genes to release cytokines in macrophage?

A

the 2 halves of the TLR forming a dimer when the foreign molecule binds

83
Q

what unpackages neutrophil dna

A

pd4
-forms DNA net

84
Q

what can lead to autoantibody formation?

A

not getting rid of the entire neutrophil DNA
-can lead to autoimmune disorder

85
Q

what makes interferon alpha

A

lymphocyte and macrophage

86
Q

what makes interferon beta

A

fibroblast and epithelial

87
Q

what makes interferon gamma

A

t cells

88
Q

what does interferon inhibit

A

cancer genes and promotes antiviral proteins

89
Q

Where are the components of compliment made

A

Liver hepatocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte

90
Q

what type of bacteria is complement in a factor for?

A

Gram-positive because they have peptidoglycan layer and no outer cell wall

91
Q

what activates compliment

A

Cleavage/cascade reaction

micro (23 decks)

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