Chapter 14 Flashcards
What arrives first at sight of infection?
macrophage
-eats 100 bacteria before its tired
who does macrophage call when there is too much bacteria?
neutrophil
why do neutrophils have a short lifespan?
so they dont accidently kill you because that is all they do and theyre good at it
-can damage your cells in the process of killing bacteria
silent killer in the fluid released to the site of injury?
complement proteins
-rips holes in bacteria
what happens if bacteria is too strong?
dendritic cell collects bacteria, rips it to small peptides and puts them on the surface, enters lymph nodes looking for matching helper t cell
what happens when helper t recognizes dendritic’s molecule?
it is activated and clones itself
-thousands of helper T
-one group goes to site of infection, wakes up macrophages
-one group goes to wake up B cells
what happnes when b and t find each other?
b clones itself and makes antibodies
2,000 per second
-one week into infection the antibodies are working and clumping bacteria
what does clumping allow?
the cells to kill off the bacteria
one group of helper t cells become?
T memory cells
some B cells post infection do what?
stay alive making low amount of antibodies
what is the HIV microbial countermeasure?
APOBEC3
-interferes with HIV genetic material
-causes cytosine deaminase
-acts when the virus is in a host cell and replicating
-messes up reverse transcriptase
which host defenses work immediately
innate
-present at birth and give NON specific resistance
is adaptive immunity instantaneous?
no it take a long time for B and T to wake up
-one week for antibodies
is the second line of defense innate?
yes and it does not develop immunityc
chemical barriers are what defense
first
-ph, lyzoenzyme, digestive enzyme etc
Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon, complement are examples of?
second innate immune response
-non specific
what is involved in the third response
aquired immunity with B, T and antibodies
components of outer epithelial layer?
compacted epithelial cemented with keratin
why does cholera have a high ID
becuase it is sensitive to stomach acid and needs many cells to make it to infect
where are lysozymes and peroxidase ?
in the saliva
-lyso also in tears
what is the acidic mantle?
slightly acidic silm on the skin
-sebaccious secretion
how does lysozyme kill?
hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in cell wall of bacteria
what are defensins made of?
peptideswha
defensin function?
damage cell membrane and lyse bacteria and fungi
lactic acid and electrolytes are high in?
sweat
what type of pathogen is highly specific
viruses
-have specific host receptors
how do genes change how you can be infected?
mutations like CCR5 for HIV and sickle cell make you naturally more resistant
immunology only involves which defenses?
second and third
molecules shared by microorganisms are?
PAMP
-pathogen associated patterns
what are the WBC receptors for PAMP
PRR
-pathogen recognition receptors
what is a type of PRRR?
TLR
-toll like receptor
list 4 types of immune system
-reticuloendothelial, extracellular fluid, blood stream, lymphatic system
what does RES connect
interconnects cells and meshes connective tissue surrounding organs
what lives in RES
mononuclear phagocyte system
-macrophage ready to attack microbes that make it past first line
water, metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factor and hormones are in?
plasma
what is serum
liquid portion of the blood after clot forms
-plasma w out clotting factors
2 types of leukocytes
granulocyte and agranulocyte
colored granules in cytoplasm and have a lobed nucleus
granulocyte
unlobed and rounded nucleus
agranulocyte
what makes thrombocytes?
megakaryocyte
precurser for basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte
myeloblast
macrophage precurser?
monocyte
what do elevated neutrophils indicate?
infection
lavender granuoles, lobed nuclei
55-90%
neutrophil that can live 2 days
orange granuoles, bilobed
1-3%
eosinophil
dark blue granuoles with constricted nuclei
.5%
basophil
local infection first line of defense?
mast cell
-fire alarm
-bound to connective tissue
what has a specific immune response?
20-35%
leukocyte
what is the rarest granulocyte?
basophil
what is the final differentiation of macrophage?
monocyte
-kidney nucleus
what is the largest WBC
monocyte/ macrophage
3-7%
what forms lymph
components of the blood moving to extracellular spaces
what moves the lymph fluid
muscle contractions
does lymph vessesl permeate placenta?
no
purpose of lymph vesses?
return lymph to circulation/ towards heart and eventually blood stream
name tropical infection spread by mosquito que leave larva
wuchereria bancrofti
what causes elephantitis
chronic infection from larvae in lymphatics
-grow to adults
points of entry that are also collections of cells distributed throughout body tissue
salt, malt, galt
recognition, inflammation, phagocytosis, interferon, complement
second line of defense
signs of inflammation in order:
redness, warmth, swelling (pus), pain and loss of function
redness is caused by
increased circulation, vasodilation in response to chemical mediators
underlying source of autoimmune?
inflammation
what is the immediate response to injury?
vasoconstrict to form clot
what are the chemical messengers released by mast cells
cytokines and chemokines
-fire alarm
what happens after clot forms
vasodilation to increae b.f., immune components, rubor and calor
what is the exudate
collection of fluid
-causing swelling
what triggers the influx of neutrophils?
the edema and pus formation
what prevents the spread of the microbes when the immune response is happening?
fibrin
-surrounds the exudate
what is attracted to the site of scar formation?
monocyte, lymphocyte and macrophage
what repairs damages tissue
fibroblast
chemotaxis
migration in response to chemicals at the injury site
chemokine, endotoxin, PAMPA, TNF, complement, platelet activators are all?
chemotaxis
what is the migration of cells out of bv to tissue
diapedesis
ex: leukocyte extravasation
“walking leukocyte”
what triggers fever
pyrogens to hypothalamus to increaese temp and vasoconstriction
what is exogenous pyrogens
infectious agent product that increases temp
-LPS
what are IL 1 and TNF?
endogenous pyrogens that are liberated by monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages during phagocytosis
-body induced fever
what reduces iron?
fever
-bacteria need it to grow
what cells do phagocytosis
neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages
what is the primary component of pus?
neutrophil
what preps for reaction with B and T
macrophage
where are TLR?
in receptors of macrophage
-10 types
-PRR to recognize PAMP
what turns on TF genes to release cytokines in macrophage?
the 2 halves of the TLR forming a dimer when the foreign molecule binds
what unpackages neutrophil dna
pd4
-forms DNA net
what can lead to autoantibody formation?
not getting rid of the entire neutrophil DNA
-can lead to autoimmune disorder
what makes interferon alpha
lymphocyte and macrophage
what makes interferon beta
fibroblast and epithelial
what makes interferon gamma
t cells
what does interferon inhibit
cancer genes and promotes antiviral proteins
Where are the components of compliment made
Liver hepatocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte
what type of bacteria is complement in a factor for?
Gram-positive because they have peptidoglycan layer and no outer cell wall
what activates compliment
Cleavage/cascade reaction
